Brief Analysis of Solar Photovoltaic Power Generation System
1. Introduction of solar photovoltaic power generation Photovoltaic power generation is a power generation method that utilizes the photovoltaic effect to convert solar radiation energy into electrical energy. It is the mainstream of solar photovoltaic power generation today. Photovoltaic power generation is a power generation method that does not directly convert light energy into electrical energy through a thermal process and includes photovoltaic power generation, photochemical power generation, light-induced power generation, and photobiological power generation. 2. Category of solar photovoltaic power generation system Solar power systems can be divided into two major categories, one is an independent system, and the other is a system contact system (or referred to as an AC grid connection system). The independent system is the most basic form of solar power system, also known as the prototype system of solar power. This type of system is mostly used for offshore lighthouses, buoys, and wireless relay stations at the top of the mountain (unmanned control) as a power supply. The DC power output by the solar array is directly supplied to the load. If the load is AC, DC power must also be converted to AC power through the inverter. In addition, the output DC energy is also stored at the same time Pool charging. Since the voltage of the load often fluctuates, the controller should also be set to regulate the voltage. From the power system's terminology, it is called "reverse trend" operation or colloquially called "selling electricity". Conversely, the normal operation of a power company is to supply power to users, which is called "positive current." The advantage of the system-connected solar power generation system is that when the rainy weather or the solar power generation at night is insufficient, the system can be used to directly purchase electricity from the mains electricity grid. Another important advantage of the system contact system is that the battery can be eliminated, the cost can be reduced, and the stability and reliability of the power supply can be enhanced. 3, solar photovoltaic power generation system Solar Power Generation There are two types of solar power generation, one is the light-heat-electric conversion method, and the other is the light-electricity direct conversion method. 3.1. Light-heat-electric conversion method By using the heat energy generated by solar radiation to generate electricity, solar thermal collectors generally convert the absorbed thermal energy into working fluid vapor, and then drive the turbine to generate electricity. The former process is the light-heat conversion process; the latter process is the thermal-electric conversion process, just like ordinary thermal power generation. 3.2, light-electric direct conversion This method utilizes the photoelectric effect to directly convert solar radiation energy into electrical energy. The basic device for optical-electrical conversion is a solar cell. A solar cell is a device that converts solar energy directly into electrical energy due to the photovoltaic effect. It is a semiconductor photodiode. When the sun shines on a photodiode, the photodiode turns the light energy of the sun into electricity. Current. When many batteries are connected in series or in parallel, they can become a solar cell array with relatively large output power. 4. Main factors affecting solar photovoltaic power generation The use of solar energy is mainly the use of solar radiation reaching the ground. Solar radiation can be divided into two types. One is the light radiation emitted from the surface of the photosphere because it propagates light and heat in the form of electromagnetic waves, so it is also called electromagnetic wave radiation, which consists of visible light and invisible light. The other is particle radiation, which is a stream of positively charged protons and roughly equal amounts of negatively charged electrons and other particles. The particle radiation is usually weak and the energy is unstable, during the solar activity period. The strongest is that it has a certain influence on the upper atmosphere of human beings and the earth, but generally it does not wait for it to radiate to the surface of the earth, and it gradually disappears in the long road to the distant land. For this reason, solar radiation is mainly light radiation. Due to the presence of the atmosphere, the size of the solar radiation that actually reaches the Earth's surface is affected by many factors. In general, the solar altitude, atmospheric quality, atmospheric transparency, geographic latitude, sunshine duration, and altitude are the main factors affecting the atmosphere. 5. Grid-connected solar photovoltaic power generation system The photovoltaic system consists of the following three components: solar cell modules; charge and discharge controllers, inverters, test instruments, and computer monitoring and other power electronic equipment and batteries or other energy storage and auxiliary power generation equipment. (As shown in Figure 1). The photovoltaic system has the following characteristics: (1) No rotating parts, no noise; (2) No air pollution or discharge of waste water; (3) No combustion process, no fuel; (4) Simple maintenance and low maintenance costs; Photovoltaic systems are widely used. The basic forms of photovoltaic system applications can be divided into two major categories: independent power generation systems and grid-connected power generation systems. The main areas of application are mainly household power supply in space aircraft, communications systems, microwave relay stations, television differential transmissions, photovoltaic pumps, and areas with no electricity or electricity. 6. Development and Prospect Since the 1990s, it has been a period of rapid development of photovoltaic power generation in China. During this period, China’s PV module production capacity has been increasing year by year, the cost has been continuously reduced, the market has been continuously expanding, and the installed capacity has increased year by year. In 2006, the cumulative installed capacity reached 35MW, accounting for approximately 3% of the world’s share. Over the past 10 years, the long-term average of China’s photovoltaic industry Maintained a 1% or so share of the global market. By 2020, China's photovoltaic technology industry will continue to improve and develop, the cost will continue to decline, and the photovoltaic market will undergo tremendous changes: It is expected that China's solar cells will be mainly used for independent photovoltaic power generation systems during 2005-2010. The cost will be about 1.20 yuan/kWh by 2010; In 2010-2020, photovoltaic power generation will shift from an independent system to a grid-connected power generation system. The cost of power generation will be approximately 0.60 yuan/kWh by 2020. By 2020, the technical level of China's photovoltaic industry is expected to reach the world's advanced ranks. At present, the world's solar photovoltaic power generation industry is still in its infancy. To ensure the healthy development of the solar photovoltaic power generation industry, the following work needs to be done: (1) Develop a maximum power tracking algorithm for solar photovoltaic cells to achieve maximum solar power tracking; (2) Develop an optimized combination algorithm for solar photovoltaic arrays to achieve the optimal combination of solar photovoltaic arrays; As the world’s energy consumption continues to rise, the environmental pollution caused by the abuse of fossil fuels has become increasingly serious. While mankind is responding to the sustained economic development, it must also pay attention to the issue of ecological balance. The human exploration and research on solar energy utilization will be more active, and it also indicates that solar photovoltaic grid-connected power generation will play an increasingly important role in the future society. 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Figure 1 Photovoltaic grid-connected system structure