Environmental safety of pesticides
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To this end, the current edition of the edition is for readers to interpret the relevant knowledge of the safe use of pesticides.
1. What are the pesticide pollution and hazards?
Pesticide pollution refers to the pollution caused by the application of pesticides to the environment and organisms such as air, water and soil.
The pollution of pesticides to the atmosphere mainly comes from the spraying of pesticides. Pesticide particles sprayed into the atmosphere can drift to a few miles away under the action of a gas stream. Pesticides sprayed onto the surface of plants or soil can also fly into the air under the action of air currents, causing air pollution.
The pollution of pesticides to water bodies mainly comes from the following aspects: direct application of pesticides to water bodies; rainwater containing pesticides falling into water bodies; pesticides adhered to plants or soils, washed or dissolved into water bodies; industrial wastewater producing pesticides or containing pesticides The domestic sewage pollutes the water body and so on.
Spraying pesticides directly onto the surface of soil or plants is one of the most common ways of using pesticides and is an important cause of soil pollution. Studies have shown that the general farmland soil is subject to varying degrees of pollution.
Pesticides can be absorbed by crops and enter the plants. Organochlorine pesticides in soil can be absorbed by root crops such as carrots and potatoes. According to statistics, 75% of pesticides are used to control pests and diseases of crops, and pollution of crops is quite common.
The organism can ingest stable, fat-soluble organochlorine pesticides from the environment, and gradually enrich and transfer in the living organisms through the food chain, which constitutes accumulation of agricultural and sideline products, agricultural organisms and humans, and poses potential threats and harms.
Pesticides in the environment can enter the human body through the digestive tract, respiratory tract and skin, causing various hazards, causing various acute hazards and chronic poisoning. This chronic poisoning can affect the human nervous system, destroy liver function, cause physiological disorders, affect the reproductive system, produce deformed freaks, and cause cancer.
2. What principles should be followed for the safe use of pesticides?
The “Technical Guidelines for Environmental Safety of Pesticides†stipulates that the environmentally safe use of pesticides follows the “Environmental Protection Principles†and “Scientific Medication Principlesâ€.
The “Technical Guidelines for Environmental Safety of Pesticides†stipulates that the environmentally safe use of pesticides follows the “Environmental Protection Principles†and “Scientific Medication Principlesâ€.
The principle of “environmental protection†means adhering to the environmental protection policy of “prevention first, comprehensive preventionâ€. It is not advisable to use highly toxic pesticides and persistent pesticides, reduce the use of highly toxic pesticides, long-lasting pesticides, and use safe, efficient and environmentally friendly pesticides. Encourage the implementation of biological control technologies. Protect beneficial organisms and cherish species and maintain ecosystem balance. The principle of scientific drug use means that the use of pesticides should comply with the relevant provisions of the “Guidelines for the Rational Use of Pesticides†GB8321, and apply scientifically according to the uses, techniques and methods specified in the label and instructions for pesticide products.
To prevent and control pesticide pollution, the following comprehensive measures should be taken:
Safe and rational use of pesticides Use pesticides and reduce pollution according to the prescribed amount, application method, frequency of administration and number of days from the last application in the harvest period.
Changing the dosage form and application method In changing the dosage form, the pesticide can be processed into a slow release agent to reduce the loss of pesticides and prolong the residual effect period; reducing the application frequency can reduce the environmental pollution to a certain extent. Promote the application of ultra low volume spray.
Advocating biological control Continuous use of a pesticide for a certain pest is often prone to drug resistance, and even if it is used in a large amount, it is difficult to get the effect it deserves. Biological control is a control method with low cost, good effect and less pollution.
The development of high-efficiency, low-toxic, low-residue new pesticides is the direction of pesticide development. In the management of pesticide-contaminated environment, comprehensive pest management measures should be implemented.
Considering all available pest control technologies, it is preferred to combine appropriate measures to prevent the development of pests and diseases while controlling the use of chemical pesticides and to minimize the risk of harm to human health and the environment. It is necessary to implement pesticide reduction and efficiency use technology and good agricultural practices. Strengthen environmental monitoring in areas where pesticides are used, and strengthen publicity and education and popularization of science. At the same time, it is emphasized that in accordance with the relevant provisions of laws and regulations, pesticide wastes are prevented from being lost, leaking, spreading or otherwise polluting the environment.
3. What is the current status of pesticide environmental management in China?
Pesticide regulations
In China, environmental protection legislation and agricultural legislation have made provisions on the use of pesticides and the prevention of pesticide pollution. However, there is no specific law on the prevention and control of pesticides.
On January 1, 1978, the State Council issued [78] 230 articles, suggesting that the former Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry should be responsible for approving the commissioning and use of new pesticide varieties, reviewing old pesticide varieties, approving import and export of pesticides, and supervising the inspection of pesticide quality and safe and rational use of drugs. And issue relevant regulations. Prior to the approval, the former Ministry of Chemical Industry was responsible for giving advice on pesticide production technology, and the Ministry of Health was responsible for evaluating the toxicity of pesticides.
After that, the former Ministry of Chemical Industry, the former Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry, the Ministry of Commerce and other departments have issued a number of regulations, such as the "Pesticide Quality Management Regulations", "Interim Provisions on the Administration of Pesticide Industry", "Measures for the Transfer of Chemical Pesticides" and "Pesticide Safety". Use the standard, etc. It was not until April 10, 1982 that the “Pesticide Registration Regulations†was officially issued. In October 1982, the pesticide registration system was implemented.
In 1997, the State Council promulgated the "Pesticide Management Regulations", which is a comprehensive regulation of pesticide management in China, marking the gradual improvement of China's pesticide management regulations.
Management system
The "Pesticide Management Regulations" introduced in 1997 stipulates that the basic system of pesticide management in China is: the agricultural administrative department of the State Council is responsible for pesticide registration and pesticide supervision and management throughout the country. The administrative department of agriculture of the people's government of the province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government assists the competent agricultural administrative department of the State Council in registering pesticides within its administrative region and is responsible for the supervision and administration of pesticides within its administrative region. The county-level people's government and the administrative department of agriculture of the people's government of the municipal or autonomous prefecture of the district shall be responsible for the supervision and administration of pesticides within their respective administrative areas.
The "Pesticide Management Regulations" introduced in 1997 stipulates that the basic system of pesticide management in China is: the agricultural administrative department of the State Council is responsible for pesticide registration and pesticide supervision and management throughout the country. The administrative department of agriculture of the people's government of the province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government assists the competent agricultural administrative department of the State Council in registering pesticides within its administrative region and is responsible for the supervision and administration of pesticides within its administrative region. The county-level people's government and the administrative department of agriculture of the people's government of the municipal or autonomous prefecture of the district shall be responsible for the supervision and administration of pesticides within their respective administrative areas.
The relevant administrative department of the State Council is responsible for the overall planning, coordination, supervision and supervision of pesticide production throughout the country. The administrative department of chemical industry of the people's government of the province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the Central Government shall be responsible for the supervision and administration of pesticide production within its administrative region.
Glossary
pesticide
Used to prevent, destroy or control diseases, insects, grasses and other harmful organisms that endanger agriculture and forestry, as well as chemical synthesis of plants or insects that are purposely regulated, or substances or substances derived from organisms, other natural substances. Mixture and its preparation. From the nature, including chemical pesticides, physical pesticides, biological pesticides, plant pesticides, etc.; from the control objects, including pesticides, acaricides, rodenticides, nematicides, fungicides, herbicides, plant growth The adjusting agent; from the dosage form, there are powders, powder granules, granules, emulsions, water agents and the like. Excerpted from the Dictionary of Environmental Science
Pesticide environmental safety management
Pesticide environmental safety management refers to the management required to prevent environmental pollution and ensure environmental safety during the production and use of pesticides. In 1997, the Regulations on the Administration of Pesticides issued by the State Council clearly stipulated that the state implements a pesticide registration system, and experts in agriculture, forestry, chemical, health, environmental protection and food conduct chemical, toxicological, pharmacological, residual, and environmental aspects of pesticide products. The impact is evaluated, and the qualified registration is required; the pollutants discharged from pesticide production must meet the environmental requirements; the use of pesticides should pay attention to protecting the environment, protecting beneficial organisms and cherishing species, and highly toxic and highly toxic pesticides should not be used for pest control. Not for vegetables, fruits, tea and Chinese herbal medicines. Excerpt from "China Encyclopedia"
[Heshan Stone] What measures are there in foreign countries?
United States
For the production, operation and use of pesticides, the relevant functional departments of the United States have a clear division of labor and perform their duties. The Federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is responsible for national pesticide enforcement. The main duties are pesticide registration, the second is to control chemical pesticide companies, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is responsible for pesticide residues; the Ministry of Agriculture Cooperative Promotion Bureau is responsible for national pesticides. Promotion and technical training. The State Government Agriculture Department is a state pesticide enforcement unit responsible for the supervision and management of pesticide use throughout the state, the issuance of pesticide use permits, and the supervision of food quality and safety.
EU
In the management of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, some EU countries have established strict registration systems based on the toxicity, dosage and methods of use of pesticides and fertilizers on the ecological environment and public health. Germany has issued a “fertilization order†for fertilization, which stipulates the correct use of chemical fertilizers and farmyard manure. Nowadays, EU countries are increasingly adopting environmental taxes to control non-point source pollution. For example, EU countries generally adopt a fertilizer tax to reduce nitrogen emissions from surface water and groundwater.
Japan
Japan has enacted a series of laws and regulations on agricultural soil environment and management of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The operability is a major feature of these regulations and standards. The regulations on pesticide management include the Agricultural Pollution Prevention and Control Law, the Pesticide Management Law, and the Pesticide Banning Law. The pesticide production and import registration management system established by this requires that the pesticides applied for registration must be tested for toxicity and residues. The results of tests and environmental impact assessment tests were submitted to the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries for review. In addition, the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries will publish pesticide use time, use methods, and safe use standards from time to time to guide the safety and proper use of pesticides.
Source: China Environmental News