How to control the residues of toxic and hazardous substances in feed

How to control the residues of toxic and harmful substances in the feed - 28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, service animal husbandry

In recent years, China's feed industry has seen an unprecedented prosperity, which has greatly promoted the development of the aquaculture industry and produced huge economic and social benefits. However, we have also seen that the phenomenon of excessive levels of toxic and hazardous substances in feeds is becoming more and more serious, and the hidden dangers caused by the safety of the products are increasingly prominent. These toxic and hazardous substances are present in the feed in a single compound or compounds. In animals, these toxic components may be converted into substances with greater activity and toxicity, thereby causing toxic effects or carcinogenic and teratogenic effects. What is more serious is that these toxic and harmful substances will not only cause the quality and output of livestock and poultry products to decline, but also accumulate and remain in the body, and pass it to people through the food chain, causing serious harm to people's health. The export of poultry products was blocked, causing the loss it deserved, which seriously affected the development of animal husbandry. How to control the residues of toxic and harmful substances in the feed is particularly important. In view of this, we will talk a little bit based on some of the information accumulated over the years.  28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

Control and management measures for bacteria in feeds 28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

1 The raw material processing area of ​​the feed ingredient production enterprise before processing shall be closely separated from the processed cleaned area of ​​finished products and semi-finished products. Raw materials and semi-finished products, finished product production equipment, equipment. The raw material processor and the processing processor share the work.  28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

2 Combined feed production enterprises should mainly prevent the contamination of Salmonella from raw materials or semi-finished products and finished products from the environment. That is, the storage, processing, manufacturing process, storage of finished products, and transportation of raw materials should prevent Salmonella contamination, including the prevention of infestation of animals such as cockroaches, cockroaches, and other animals such as rats, dogs, cats, and birds. Limit the access of outsiders and clearly separate the operator's work area. Regular cleaning, disinfection of the environment, equipment, etc.  28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

3 Fermented feed enterprises in fermented flour, yeast protein, fermented rapeseed cake, single-cell protein, etc., through a rigorous screening of specific strains, under appropriate process conditions, can inhibit the growth of bacteria, so that the fermentation feed is harmful There are few or no bacteria. However, at present, some small-scale fermented feed factories in China have high bacteria in fermentation and no rapid drying process under the simple conditions. They are naturally dried and easily infected with bacteria or harmful bacteria. Therefore, the bacteria should be reduced in the fermentation, and rapid drying is an effective measure to ensure the safety of the fermented feed.  28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

There are several main methods for the physical or chemical treatment of feed : 28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

1  The feed is made into a granule condition. Hot steam from 120 °C to 150 °C is blown into the feed ingredients and granulated through a molding machine. At this time, since the granular raw particles are kept at 80 °C - 90 °C within a few seconds to 1 minute, the heat-resistant heat-resistant Salmonella or Escherichia coli has a strong inhibition pinning effect.  28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

2  Add organic acids such as acetic acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid to the feed. The concentration between 0  6% and 6% has a killing effect on harmful bacteria such as Salmonella common in feed.  28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

3 杀菌 is sterilized with ethylene oxide gas, but this gas requires special equipment for sterilization, and the gas is highly toxic or flammable. More attention must be paid to the processing.  28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

Control of mold in feeds · 28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving livestock

Because mold produces some toxic metabolites (mycotoxins), it not only causes acute and chronic poisoning of livestock and poultry, but also remains in the muscles and viscera of livestock and poultry, and mycotoxins are introduced into the human body through food. Therefore, strengthening the anti-mold and detoxification work in feed production is an indispensable part of controlling the residues of toxic and harmful substances in feed and animal-derived foods. In order to prevent the contamination of the feed from mold and mycotoxins, the mold should be fully synergized in all aspects of the process from the production of the raw materials to the compound feed.  28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

1  Breeding resistant varieties: Aflatoxins formed on impervious cottonseed are reported to be higher than permeable cottonseed; peanut varieties with low vitamin E on seed coats are resistant to A. flavus infection and aflatoxin formation.  28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

2  Appropriate planting and harvesting techniques: Planting techniques such as crop rotation and appropriate harvesting methods should be used to minimize the contamination of mold and mycotoxins.  28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

3  Strictly control the moisture in feed and raw materials: This is one of the anti-mold and anti-key measures.  28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

4  Improve storage conditions: The main methods are to improve the warehouse structure and sanitary conditions, reduce water, temperature, oxygen concentration and so on. 28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

 5  Use chemical anti-fungal agents: This is a routine measure for anti-mildew in feeds. Propionic acid, as described above, is the most effective and economically effective mold inhibitor.  28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

Control of toxic and harmful elements in feeds 28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving livestock

Lead: Controlling the copper content of raw materials, especially in high-lead areas or high-lead feed, is an effective way to reduce the lead content in compound feeds.  28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

Arsenic: Several common methods: 1  Strict control of raw materials, especially arsenic in raw materials with high arsenic content. 2  According to the action of arsenic and other elements and genes, reduce arsenic formed by arsenic oxide, hinder the absorption of arsenic, and increase its excretion process. Selenium: It has been reported that the addition of ascorbic acid and high protein to the feed promotes metabolism in the animal.  28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

Fluorine: For feeds with high fluoride content, the proportion of phosphate and bone meal in the diet should be limited according to the degree of fluorine content.  28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

Control of harmful compounds in feed poisoning 28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

Nitrite: 1  Pay attention to the preparation, feeding and storage methods of green feed. Leafy green-green feed should be freshly fed. If it is cooked, it should be boiled quickly, and then fed after cooling. Do not cook over low heat. The place where the feed is stored should be dry, cool and ventilated, and should be spread out in thin layers. Do not stack them for long periods of time. If it has rotted, it should be prohibited from feeding. 2 For ruminant animals, when feeding green cyan feed with high nitrate content, it is necessary to feed a proper amount of sugar-rich feed to reduce the absorption of nitrite.  28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

Cyanide: Reasonable use of cyanide-containing feeds based on changes in the content of cyanogenic glycosides in the feed and the sensitivity of the animal. 2  Master the changes in the content of toxic components in the growth period of plants, and make rational use. For example, sorghum, corn stems and leaves can not be used when they are young, and should be used at the time of heading, and prepared into silage or hay for feeding. 2  For cyanide-containing raw materials used in rations such as cassava and flaxseed, the limits of use of these raw materials should be limited according to the content of cyanogenic hydrazine and the maximum allowable amount of animals. 3 The cyanogenic hydrazine in the feed is soluble in water, and it is also affected by the removal of HCH by enzyme or rare grinding and fermentation. 4  Use additives to improve the detoxification function of animals. After the hydrogen cyanide is absorbed, the cyanide ion and the thiosulfate in the body can form a low-toxic cyanate under the catalysis of thiocyanase and are discharged with the urine. Therefore, adding a small amount of thiosulfate to the diet containing cyanogenic bismuth 28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

Acid salt can promote metabolism and reduce residual body. 28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

Oxalic acid and oxalate: 1  Feeding mature forage plants without feeding early or young plants. 2 Thrips are fed less or not with high oxalate content.  28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

Histamine: Histamine is mainly found in animal feed, and microbial-infested feed is more likely to produce histamine. Because of the stability of the grade, the key to controlling the harm of histamine in feed is to prevent the production of histamine. 1 动物 In the animal feed such as meat bone or fish meal, the control of fresh raw materials should be strengthened before it is produced, because it is the most easy to increase the histamine in the feed. Therefore, the fresh fish meat should be processed as quickly as possible, and the storage should have low temperature conditions. 2 动物 Animal feed should be controlled to a moisture content of no more than 12% to prevent microbial growth.  28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

Control of Characteristic Hazards in Feeds  28P China Feed Industry Information Network - Based on Feed, Serving Livestock

Control of toxic components in cottonseed cake: The main toxic substances in cottonseed cakes are gossypol, gossypol, gossypol, and chlorophyll. Among them, the content of gossypol is relatively high, and the toxicity is relatively large, and other toxic pigments are derivatives of gossypol. 1  Controlled addition amount: According to the content of free gossypol in the cottonseed cake and the object to be fed, the amount of cottonseed cake added in the batch is controlled. 2  cotton seed cake detoxification.  28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

Control of toxic components in rapeseed cake: The toxin in rapeseed cake is mainly glucosinolate and its degradation products, isosulfate, oxazolidine, cyanide, sinapine, phytic acid, tannin and so on. 1 控制 Control the amount of vegetable cake in the compound feed according to the content of toxins in rapeseed meal and the perceptuality of the feeding object and product. 2 Pre-poisoning treatment of amaranth seed cake: After crushing and hot water treatment, the rapeseed is separated into cellulose and lipoprotein suspension by density metering, and then separated by lipolysis to obtain lipoprotein precipitate and waste liquid. (Mustard mustard enters the waste).  28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

Control of harmful components in soybean cake: Soybean cake contains toxin as pancreatic egg inhibitor, saponin, lipoxygenase and 28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

Anti-vitamin factor. The main method of control is to change the harmful substances in soybean and its cakes, that is, when soybeans are used as feed, they must be baked or expanded, and the soybean cake produced by hot pressing or pre-pressure extraction can be directly used. In the production of extraction method, attention should be paid to the steaming and baking process. For soy cakes produced by cold pressing or simple leaching, heat treatment should be carried out.  28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

Castor cake: mainly ricin, ricinine, allergen and red blood cell agglutinin, etc., of which the former two are high in content, high in toxicity and serious in residue. 1 Detoxification steam method. 2 Application of detoxified castor cake For various reasons, most of the detoxified castor cakes currently carry some toxins. Equine, goose, rabbit, and chicken are sensitive to ricin and easy to remain in the body, so try not to feed. Ricin and allergen may be transferred to the milk and affect the consumption. Therefore, the castor cake is not used in the cow's diet. Castor cakes in other animal diets should generally be limited to less than 20%.  28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

Grass raft: The main toxic component of the hibiscus is dicoumarin. 1  Reduce the content of coumarin. 2 控制 Control the moisture and temperature during the processing, and try not to mold. 3  For severely moldy, turf with high coumarin content must be in a ratio of 1:8. 28P China Feed Industry Information Network - based on feed, serving animal husbandry

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