Stone processing technology introduction
Stone industry industry chain: Including stone resource excavation, geological exploration, mining, raw material transportation, stone trade, stone processing, product transportation, installation, etc., related professional fields will involve geology, petrology, mechanical processing, architectural decoration, decorative design, stone varieties Selection, physical and chemical indicator testing, etc.; Stone variety category: According to the composition of the stone, the American Society for Testing and Materials divides the natural facing stone into Granite, Limestone, Marble, Quartz-based, Slate and other stone. Class, (for details, see ASTM C119 standard. In the past, China's national standards once specified that marble, granite, slate and others have been far from being able to adapt to market needs, so they have been updated in recent years. In addition, in recent years, due to various types With the increasing demand for individualized stone, “other†stone has been continuously extended to various semi-precious stones, gems or more new stone types with more colors and patterns, and the materials are on the rise. Stone product category: According to the different processing technology, it can be divided into special-shaped products (including engraving, arc plate, hollow column, solid column, line, parquet, etc.), plate products (including large plates, specification plates, thin plates, etc.); Divided into indoor stone, outdoor stone; wall (facade) stone, ground stone; building stone (such as bridge pier), decorative stone (such as various decorative stone), etc.; Processing process: For the processing of various types of stone products, different product processing techniques are different. For example, the most common decorative stone panels and lines are decorated as follows: 1. Mining. Divided into two types of artificial mining and blasting. There are two types of blasting mining: micro-blasting and large blasting. Granite in the marble and coastal areas (the granite in the coastal area is relatively soft) is often exploited by artificial mining or micro-blasting. The granite in the area of ​​Sichuan (harder) is generally mined by large blasting. The utilization rate of large blasting materials is very low, and most of them are broken in the blasting, so unless it is very hard stone, this method is generally not used. 2, sawing processing (block processing). The large stones that are mined are called blocks, which are usually sawed into slabs by diamond circular saws. For marbles, they can also be processed with diamond saws. The diamond circular saw uses a large disc-shaped saw blade with powder metallurgically bonded diamond particles. This kind of equipment can process super-hard stone, and it is also flexible to use. The disadvantage is that the diameter of the disc needs twice the height of the stone plus the diameter of the flange, and the diameter of the saw blade is too large to manufacture, which is not conducive to processing oversized specifications. Plate. The diamond saw is a row of (multiple) strip saw blades, each of which is similar to a hand saw blade used by a carpenter, but the diamond saw is arranged in parallel, each of which is equal in thickness to the thickness of the sheet so that the saw The whole block can be sawed into many pieces at one time. However, diamond saws are not suitable for processing hard granite due to the use of emery as an abrasive, and are generally only used for processing marble. In addition, if there is a defect in the block material, it will not be discovered before processing, because the diamond saw processing is completed in one time, and it will be too late to find the defect after processing, which will cause the whole piece of material to be scrapped, and the processing cost is also wasted. Therefore, it is not suitable for stone varieties with many defects. The main processing equipment in sawing processing is granite-type frame-type large automatic sand saw, multi-blade two-way cutting machine, multi-blade computer controlled granite cutting machine and granite disc sawing machine. The sawn board is called a board. Circular saw Emery saw 3. Grinding and polishing. The purpose of grinding and polishing is to further process the sawn hairboard to meet the requirements of thickness, flatness and gloss. The process first needs to be roughly ground and then gradually subjected to semi-fine grinding, fine grinding, fine grinding and polishing to completely display the color texture of the granite. The main processing equipment is: automatic multi-head continuous grinding machine, diamond leveling machine, bridge type grinding machine, disc grinding machine, reverse type coarse grinding machine, hand-held grinding machine. Diamond is generally used as the abrasive. Granite polishing, generally using composite cemented diamond grinding block (also called grinding head) for polishing, generally 1#, 2#, 3#, 4#, 5# and 0#, a total of 6 kinds of grinding blocks, 1# most Thick, 5# is very fine, 0# is a polishing paste that does not contain diamond. Processing is generally performed from 1# to 5#, and finally 0# polishing. Marble polishing, generally using felt plus wax and a variety of different fine grain of diamond powder for polishing. Polished plates are called light plates. Hand grinder Automatic polishing machine 4, cut processing. The cutting process is to use a cutting machine to shape the cutting board or the polishing plate according to the required size. The main processing equipment is longitudinal multi-saw cutting machine, transverse cutting machine, bridge cutting machine, cantilever cutting machine, hand cutting machine and so on. The board is cut into the required size specifications by a trimmer and can be shipped from the factory. Generally common general specifications, there are 800*800mm and 600*600mm in China, and there are also 500*500mm. The export board is usually 305*305mm, 406*406mm, 610*610mm, 812*812mm, etc. It can also be customized according to customer needs. Custom specifications. After the above process, the stone can be shipped out. 5, chisel cutting processing. Chiseling is a traditional processing method. The blank is processed into the desired product by means of wedge cutting, chiseling, boring, refurbishing and grinding. The surface can be pineapple noodles, longan noodles, litchi noodles, natural noodles, mushrooms. Face and so on. (1) Polished: The surface is very smooth, highly polished, has a mirror effect, and has a high gloss. Granite, Dali and limestone are usually polished and require different maintenance to maintain their luster. (2) Honed: The surface is smooth, but it is lightly polished, produces diffuse reflection, is dull, does not produce mirror effect, and has no light pollution. (3) Rough-Rubbing: The surface is simply polished, and the machine cuts formed during the cutting process of the board can be ground, and the feeling is very rough matt processing. (4) Machine-Cut: It is directly cut and formed by equipment such as circular saw sand saw or bridge cutter. The surface is rough and has obvious machine cut lines. (5) Pickling: The surface of the stone is corroded with strong acid to make it have small corrosion marks, and the appearance is more rustic than the polished surface. Most of the stones can be pickled, but the most common are marble and limestone. Pickling is also a way to soften the luster of granite. (6) Bushhammered: The surface is rough and uneven. It is a small hole that is densely covered with a chisel on the surface. It has an effect of imitating the dripping of water on the stone over the years. (7) Picked: The surface is more uneven than the lychee processing, just like the pineapple's epidermis. (8) Chiselled: Also known as the longan face, it is hammered on the stone surface with an axe, forming a very dense strip texture, some like the effect of the longan skin. (9) Flamed: The surface is rough. This surface is mainly used for interiors such as floors or for commercial building finishes, and labor costs are high. The rapid cooling after high temperature heating forms a fire surface. The fire burning process and the jet burning process utilize the difference of the thermal expansion coefficient of different mineral particles constituting granite, and the surface part of the particles are thermally expanded and ruptured by flame spraying to form an undulating and orderly rough surface ornament. This kind of rough granite plate is very suitable for the ground decoration of the wet place and the outdoor wall decoration. The main equipment is the granite automatic singeing machine. The fire surface is generally granite. (10) Nature Split: Commonly known as the natural surface, its surface is rough, but not as rough as fire. This surface treatment is usually done by hand cutting or rubbing in the mine to expose the natural cracking surface of the stone. (11) Tumbled: The surface is smooth or slightly rough, and the corners are smooth and broken. There are several ways to achieve a rollover effect. 20 mm bricks can be tumbled in the machine, and 3 cm bricks can also be rolled and then split into two bricks. Marble and limestone are the materials of choice for tumbling treatment. (12) Brushed: The surface is old. The process is to scrub the surface of the stone, mimicking the natural wear of the stone. (13) Water-jet: Directly impact the surface of the stone with high-pressure water, and peel off the softer components to form a unique matte finish. (14) Antique (Antique): Imitate the surface treatment of the old effect after the stone has been used for a certain period of time. It is usually treated with antique abrasive brush or antique water. The effect of the antique abrasive brush is more cost-effective and more environmentally friendly. (15) Flamed + Brushed: First burn and then do antique processing. (16) Pickling+ Brushed: After pickling, it is processed in antiques. (17) Sandblasted: Use ordinary river sand or diamond sand instead of high-pressure water to wash the surface of the stone to form a decorative surface with a smooth frosting effect. (18) Grooved: a groove of a certain depth and width on the surface of the stone. (19) Mushroom (Mushroom): Generally, it is artificially chiseled, and the effect is similar to that of natural sputum. However, the surface of the stone is a plateau-like shape with a depression around the middle. 6, auxiliary processing. Auxiliary processing is to trim, chamfer, open holes, drill holes, milling slots, milling edges, etc. The main processing equipment includes automatic edge chamfering machine, copy milling machine, thin wall drilling machine, hand-held diamond circular saw, hand-held polishing machine and so on. Profile processing Profile line 7, inspection and repair. Natural granite is inevitably cracked, holed, etc., and there are some bumps in the processing process, and some small defects appear. Therefore, all the granite plates need to be inspected after the processing is completed. First, they must be cleaned, then blown dry, and the qualified products are packaged into the warehouse. Unqualified products should be picked first. In the case of meeting the requirements of the order, for some defects, the granite products can be repaired, that is, bonded and repaired, thereby reducing the scrap rate. Inspection repairs are usually manual, but some advanced processing lines use automatic continuous purge to repair air dryers. 8, protective treatment. Tiles, architectural coatings and decorative stone are the three major decoration materials used for building interior and exterior walls or floors. Because the stone, such as granite and marble, is solemn, bold, and durable, its decorative effect is stronger than tiles and paint. The general method of attaching granite, marble and other stone is to first apply mortar on the wall or the ground, then apply a sealant on the stone and attach it. However, calcium hydroxide and calcium sulfate contained in the mortar and cement mortar will precipitate on the surface of the stone, causing burns and hoarfrost, which seriously damages the appearance. In addition, the metal parts embedded in the stone will rust on the surface of the stone, forming rust spots on the surface of the stone. In order to prevent such pollution, silicone waterproofing agent, polymer cement mortar, emulsion resin, epoxy resin, etc. are often applied on the inner surface of the stone. Although it can receive certain protective effects, it also has the following disadvantages: the use of silicone waterproofing agent Treatment, stone and mortar, mortar can not form a sealing layer, can not effectively inhibit hoarfrost precipitates and spots; using polymer cement treatment, not only the material itself contains hoarfrost components, but also water permeability, protection effect is not Ideal; treated with emulsion resin, it is susceptible to climatic conditions when dry, and its hydrophilic content (such as dispersant, thickener, etc.) is large, water resistance and durability are problematic; Although it can effectively prevent pan-frost and moisturizing spots, it has poor workability and is also irritating to the skin. (1) Protective treatment agent: The protective treatment agent is a mixture of a non-aqueous dispersion type resin and a moisture-curable polyurethane resin. An extender pigment, an antifoaming agent, a dispersing agent, an anti-settling agent, a thickener, and the like may be added as needed. A. The non-aqueous dispersion type resin is preferably used in a base material of a monomeric polymer such as acrylic acid, ethylene, styrene or vinyl acetate or a copolymer thereof, and is dispersed in a non-aqueous dispersion medium such as mineral oil. The non-aqueous dispersion medium used here has a low ignition point and low toxicity, which is convenient for construction. B. The polyurethane is a one-component moisture-curable polyurethane resin which is cured by an isocyanate, preferably used in the presence of moisture, and which can be cured in 3 to 8 hours. C. Body pigments use heavy calcium carbonate, talc, clay and the like. D. Admixture (a) An antifoaming agent such as an ethylene polymer is used. It prevents foaming of the treatment agent during construction and causes unevenness. (b) A dispersant such as a carboxylate is used, which is easy to disperse the batch. (c) The use of an anti-settling agent such as a polyether or an ester prevents precipitation of the resin solids in the dispersion medium. (d) For easier attachment, thickeners such as bentonite should be used. (2) Protective treatment method: When attaching stone, first spray or roll the protective treatment agent on the inner surface and side of the stone with a coating amount of 0.2-0.3kg/m3, and then attach it to the wall of the building to return to the ground, at normal temperature. After 1~2h, the protective agent is cured, and the stone is fully bonded to the wall or the ground. 9, on-site processing. Sometimes on the construction site, the stone needs to be processed on site, for example, it needs to be changed into small and chamfered. This is usually done by using a portable cutter. For example, some stone materials need to be perforated, edging, etc., and are generally processed by a portable cutter or an angle grinder. other: 1. Sheet specification plate processing flow is: material co-ordination - block material selection - large plate sawing - large plate glue (marble usually also net) - large plate grinding, polishing - large plate selection - cutting specification plate (If necessary, you need to bottom, edging) - specification plate swinging, coloring - numbering - inspection - packaging - transportation - installation, etc.; 2. Stone line processing flow: material coordination - block material selection - blank cutting - blank pendulum plate, color - shape (forming) - grinding, polishing (requires chamfering, slender if necessary) - try and adjust Color-number-inspection-packaging-transport-installation, etc. The processing flow of other categories of products are basically similar, such as the use of sheet metal processing and parquet processing, the processing of the first half is basically the same as the process of the specification plate, except that the processing of the pattern part in the second half requires machine, tool or waterjet cutting pattern and parts. Then inlaid, then bonded and polished; for example, the engraving product processing, the first half is very similar to the line processing, but only to the later carving, you need to insert artificial carving or use CNC machine tools for engraving. 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