The hydrogen element that becomes metal state under extremely high pressure is most likely a room temperature superconductor
Pictured superconducting hoverboard The sci-fi movie "Avatar" not only brought us 3D shocking visual enjoyment, but also conceived a fantastic and beautiful Pandora world for us. One of the most memorable scenes is the Hallelujah Mountain, which is suspended in the clouds. The mountains are covered with stout vines. There are wall-hanging waterfalls and mysterious birds. The magical Hallelujah suspended mountains are still frequent. Move in the air! What mysterious power can be suspended to "hold up" this big mountain? The film explains that it is because the mountain contains a mysterious room temperature superconducting ore called “Unobtaniumâ€, which hangs up Hallelujah Mountain with the help of a strong magnetic field near the mother tree. In order to plunder this kind of splendid treasure, crazy humans even want to destroy Nawei people's homes at all costs. So what is a superconducting material? Why is it so powerful in magnetic levitation? Is there room temperature superconductor in our real earth? The power of superconductivity A super-guided board can even hang Sumo players Superconductivity, as the name implies, means superconductivity. Superconducting materials have many unique electrical, magnetic, thermal, and other physical properties, the most typical of which is that when the temperature drops to a sufficiently low temperature (the temperature point is called the superconducting critical temperature), the resistance of the superconducting material suddenly becomes Zero, if a current is induced in the superconducting ring, the current will circulate permanently and will hardly decay, and there will not be any heating. If the superconductor is placed in a magnetic field environment, the presence of superconducting induced currents will automatically form a shielding magnetic field such as an "Ahnja" or "Iron Shirt" inside the superconductor. This effectively cancels the external magnetic field and causes the magnetic field in the superconductor. Zero. This is another characteristic of superconductors - completely diamagnetic. The “resistance†of the superconductors to the external magnetic field will generate forces, and the magnetic field will also have a reaction force to the superconductors. The closer the magnets are to the magnets, the more the force will increase. Therefore, placing the superconductors at a suitable height above the magnetic field can achieve magnetic resistance. The balance of gravity, so that the superconductors suspended in the air - this is the principle of superconducting magnetic levitation. Although the suspension phenomenon abounds in life, superconducting magnetic levitation from a completely diamagnetic is undoubtedly one of the strongest suspension forces. A square-sized superconducting plate can even suspend heavyweight sumo wrestlers. Superconducting conditions Critical temperature "poorly low" Superconducting materials have such strange physical properties. Are they rare? In fact, life is full of superconducting materials because most of the elemental elements in the periodic table are superconductors, such as aluminum, calcium, tin, and lead. Some nonmetallic materials are also superconductors under high pressure, such as silicon, sulfur, Phosphorus etc. However, their superconducting properties are seldom used in life. The key issue is that to achieve superconductivity, the temperature must be reduced to below the superconducting critical temperature. Unfortunately, the critical temperatures of the metal simplex and alloy superconductors are all very low. For example, the first superconductor discovered in 1911, the critical temperature of metallic mercury is about 4K (the thermodynamic temperature scale, equivalent to -269°C). It can be said that it is close to the lowest temperature in the universe - absolute zero 0K (-273°C) Until 1986, the highest critical temperature superconductor discovered by scientists was Nb3Ge, which was only 23K (-250°C). To achieve such a low temperature, it is absolutely impossible to use air conditioners and refrigerators to refrigerate. They are at most about -100°C, which requires expensive liquid helium to cool them. Even in research experiments, there are many limitations, not to mention large Scale applied to life. A prediction once confuses HTS research The zero-resistance and anti-magnetism of superconductors make people eager for their applications, because it will greatly reduce the power transmission and loss during use, can provide a sustained and stable strong magnetic field, and achieve fast and safe high-speed magnetic levitation transportation. Therefore, finding superconductors with higher superconducting critical temperatures, or even superconducting materials at room temperature (around 300K or 25°C), will inevitably bring revolutionary innovations to the future of mankind. In 1957, physicists Badin, Cooper, and Schriever successfully established theory to explain superconductivity in traditional metal elements and alloys. They believe that the key to achieving superconductivity lies in the fact that electrons in materials at low temperatures will “pair-wise pair†and all electron pairs can move in harmony, thus canceling out the energy losses of their respective motion processes and achieving superconductivity. According to this theory, it is predicted that the critical temperature of superconductivity will not exceed 40 K (-233 °C), and this prediction once confounded the search for a higher critical temperature superconductor. Superconducting hope High-temperature superconducting family is growing However, experimental physicists did not give up on the exploration of higher transition temperature superconductors. Hard work pays off. In 1986, IBM engineers Beroz and Muller discovered 35K (-238°C) superconductivity in La-Ba-Cu-O ceramic materials. Subsequently, Chinese scientists Zhu Jingwu, Wu Maokun, and Chinese scientist Zhao Zhongxian discovered the Y-Ba-Cu-O system with 93K (-180°C) superconductivity. In the end, the critical temperature of this kind of copper oxide superconductor is increased to around 165K (-108°C), so it is called high-temperature superconductor (high temperature here, only in comparison with the low superconducting critical temperature of conventional metal superconductor). The critical temperature of high-temperature superconductors enters the liquid nitrogen temperature zone, greatly reducing the research and application costs. However, the high critical temperature is only one of the important indicators in superconducting applications. For large-scale applications, superconducting materials also need to have good plasticity and ability to carry large currents, etc., in order to find more suitable superconducting materials. Scientists have accelerated the exploration of superconductors and discovered many new families of superconductors in succession. For example: In 2001, Japanese scientists discovered MgB2 superconductors with a critical temperature of up to 39K; in 2008, scientists from Japan, China, the United States, and Germany discovered superconductivity above 55K in iron-arsenic compounds. Such superconductors are called iron. Based superconductors are an extremely large family. Hydrogen is "high hopes" Today, the types of superconductors have covered a variety of substances such as various metals, alloys, non-metal compounds, oxides, and even organic matter, suggesting that "all roads lead to superconducting." With the continuous emergence of many new superconductors, the climax of superconducting research has been repeated. The continuous deepening of human understanding of superconductivity has also greatly advanced the frontier research of modern basic physics, and people are more expectant and hopeful about the discovery of room temperature superconductors. Theoretically, it has been predicted that the hydrogen element under extreme high pressure will become a metal state, and it is most likely a room temperature superconductor. From experiments, people have conducted in-depth exploration and research on various chemical forms and have accumulated rich experience in finding higher critical temperature superconductors. I believe that in the near future, as long as we continue to work hard, the reality of Hallelujah - room temperature superconductors may no longer be a dream. At that time, you may be able to practice yoga in the clouds with superconducting magnetic levitation technology or to sleep on the suspended "White Cloud" sofa. How comfortable and wonderful it is! (Wen Luohui) (The author is a Ph.D. in Physics from the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, and an associate researcher at the Physics Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. He is mainly engaged in neutron scattering studies of high-temperature superconductors.)
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Superconducting materials are everywhere in life, such as aluminum, calcium, tin, and lead. Some non-metallic materials are also superconductors under high pressure, such as silicon, sulfur, and phosphorus.