Dialectical analysis of current feed formulations and nutrition and re-recognition of the role of biological feed additives 1
For the fast-growing feed industry, feed formulations and additives, especially bio-feed additives, are already very familiar. Today, we revisit the development of the feed industry for many years, in order to better conform to the rapid development of the Chinese economy, the dialectical analysis of current feed formula and nutrition and the recognition of the role of biological feed additives (1)
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For the fast-growing feed industry, feed formulations and additives, especially bio-feed additives, are already very familiar. Today, we have reviewed the development of the feed industry for many years in order to better conform to the rapid development of China's economy and ensure the expansion of the demand for meat and eggs. In the case of shortage of domestic feed ingredients, we will continue to meet the quantity of feed in the breeding sector. Quality requirements. Therefore, improving the feed formulation technology system and increasing scientific understanding of biological feed additives, and supporting China's livestock and aquaculture systems, have extremely important strategic significance.
1. Dialectical analysis of feed formulation technology system
1.1 Purpose of the feed formula
The overall purpose of the feed formulation is to design a special combination of different feed ingredients or additives to meet the ultimate economic or social purpose, based on human needs for animal farming. Farming needs involve many factors such as animal growth, production and reproduction, health immunity, and product quality. The basic idea of ​​formula design is to formulate the functions and effects of the feed formula according to the different needs, and then to achieve the breeding standard to the maximum extent with the lowest possible cost according to the difference of the function and characteristics of the feed ingredients.
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The feed pellets produced by the feed pellet machine and the straw pellet machine are shown in the following figure:
Principles and ideas for chicken feed pellet corn stover biomass pellet fuel 1.2 feed formula
There are several principles that can be used to make a feed formulation:
(1) The use of raw materials permitted by the state is strictly prohibited from using products that are prohibited by the state. The use of special raw materials or products that are not clearly defined may require special care.
(2) Try to use raw materials that are easy to purchase and low in cost.
(3) Based on the target efficacy of the formula design, based on the animal species and stage, according to the characteristics, functions and processing methods of the feed ingredients, the formula design is carried out at a relatively low cost.
(4) The feed formula is required to conform to the physiological characteristics of the animal, and the raw materials are used in accordance with the requirements of feed processing, and the feed nutrients can be digested and absorbed to the utmost extent. 350 feed pellet machine 1.3 formula cost and efficacy relationship
The basic function of the current formulator is to design a scientific and reasonable feed formula within a defined formula cost. However, in practice, it is often encountered that the cost of the original formula needs to be increased or decreased on the basis of the same raw materials and price, and the feed effect after increasing or decreasing the cost should be evaluated accordingly, so that the adjustment is made. The feeding effect is within the controllable range, which requires scientific and reasonable understanding of the feed formulation effectiveness evaluation system, and scientific evaluation of feed cost input and reduction. What needs to be paid attention to is the establishment of the evaluation subject. Fundamentally, the economic entity of the assessment is the feed enterprise itself. After assessing the formulation of the feed, the financial data of the feed enterprise changes within a certain period of time to measure the adjustment of the formula. Effectiveness, which is relatively simple for the integration of feed production, animal husbandry and slaughtering, but it is relatively complicated for a single feed production export enterprise, which involves whether the sales team of the feed enterprise can put the positive effect into the formula. In the market, the sales volume is increased or expressed by the increase in price. The evaluation of the effectiveness of the formula is closely related to other comprehensive factors such as market sales and technical services.
1.4 Animal Nutrition "Black Box" Theory
From the perspective of nutrition, the conversion of feed nutrients in animals has a certain path and direction, and various metabolic processes are carried out according to certain principles and rules. At the same time, it has the typical "black box" theory. The nutrients in the feed enter the animal body. Under the action of specific tissues and organs in the body, the components are transformed into the components of the animal body or excreted through the physiological and biological processes of the system. From the perspective of formula design, we examine the "black box" theory. The feed protein, starch, oil, trace elements and vitamins that animals eat are digested and absorbed into animals, and the transformation pathway and quantity in a specific time. Both are uncertain. For example, histidine absorbed into the body has a variety of transformation pathways in the body, which can be completely integrated into the synthesis of body proteins, or can be converted into other non-essential amino acids by transamination or deamination, or decarboxylated. It turns into a neuronal histamine, or is oxidatively decomposed to release energy. Similarly, other components that are absorbed enter the body of the animal to the end of metabolism, and its specific metabolic transformation process is unpredictable. Therefore, the feed components enter the animal's body, just like entering a relative "metabolism black box", and there is uncertainty in its transformation. The specific process is influenced by the animal's "self-regulation" theory and the "nutrient conversion" theory.
Animal "self-regulation" theory means that the animal's body's demand for nutrients is not fixed at different growth cycles and physiological stages, and it varies continuously with the stage, such as the animal's demand for protein in the young stage, late growth stage. The demand for energy, the demand for overall nutrient supply during late pregnancy and lactation, has a strong demand period.
The theory of “nutrient conversion†means that different types of nutrients can be transformed into different degrees and quantities in animal organisms according to physiological needs and nutrient deficiency. For example, starch can be converted into body fat, and body fat can also be converted into glycogen. And monosaccharides, such as calcium and phosphorus in bones, can be released into calcium and phosphorus in body fluids, and calcium and phosphorus in body fluids can be redeposited to form bone structural components. The conversion between nutrients is beneficial to the formulator to properly prepare the feed ingredients according to the different conditions of the body.
The research on the "self-regulation" theory and the "nutrient conversion" of animals is beneficial to us to understand the related problems in the feed formula by understanding the regulation of nutrient demand in the face of the "metabolism black box" theory.
1.5 The duties of the formulator
Animals are an organic whole, and they have the ability to regulate the development of the functions and physiological responses of various organs to the best performance, and have an ability to adjust themselves to external factors. Changes in the body's material are random and relatively unknown. Animals need nutrients, which are the demand for nutrients absorbed into the body. The function of nutrients is not single. It has the effect of mutual transformation and compensation in the body. The animal's demand for nutrients is not absolute, but relative. The nutrient content in the feed affects the transformation pathway of the body's material, and the adverse effects caused by the lack of a nutrient in the feed are appropriately alleviated by other nutrients. Therefore, the formula does not need to be precise, but it needs to be coordinated. Some feed costs do not necessarily lead to output, and some costs need to be evaluated.
The formulator's job is to use the knowledge of nutrition, according to the market competition, the price changes of feed ingredients and the nutrient content and mutual substitution between different feeds, scientifically and rationally adjust the formula, and strive to use external forces (external causes) to make animals Health status and growth performance develop in a good way, rather than relying on the animal's own ability (internal factors) to regulate. For example, in the case of insufficient calcium and phosphorus, animals will use calcium and phosphorus in bones to meet physiological needs. When energy is insufficient, it will be compensated by increased intake. When cystine is insufficient, it will be converted with methionine, but the formulator is not a A competent dietitian.
2. Biological feed additives
Feed additive means that the main raw material can not be effectively supplemented by conventional feed, and a small proportion is added in the feed. In modern farming environment, it can bring about regulation or enhance nutrition, bactericidal disease resistance or immune enhancement, regulate functional nutrition or metabolism, and improve product quality. A special type of product that is obtained through special production processes.
Biological feed additives are feed additives that are produced by microbial culture or fermentation technology and which have specific activities or other special biological functions. At present, it is mainly divided into two categories, one is microecological preparations, and the other is enzyme preparations. Bio-feed additives have gained more and more attention in animal nutrition research and animal husbandry practice due to their defined biological activity and excellent performance after being added to feed. At the same time, they have been widely used in the market. Promote the application. Biofeed additives have played an increasingly important role in the current emphasis on the health, efficiency and safe green production of meat and eggs.
2.1 Microecological preparations
Under the guidance of microecological theory, specific microbial strains are cultured through a fermentation process, and the prepared biological preparations are called microecological preparations. The commonly used probiotics refer to live bacterial preparations. Probiotics participate in the regulation of micro-ecological balance in animals, inhibit the proliferation of harmful microorganisms in the intestine, or specifically enhance the immune function of animals by exerting biological activity in the intestinal tract of animals. In turn, the feed conversion efficiency is improved and the growth of the animal is promoted.
2.1.1 Probiotics play a theoretical foundation for biological function
(1) Dominant population theory: The microbial population in animals maintains a certain balance under normal conditions. The advantage of the number of different types of bacteria in the body is different, and once the normal dominant population is reversed, It means that the micro-ecology is out of tune. In the animal intestinal micro-ecological system, anaerobic bacteria are dominant populations, anaerobic bacteria in the intestinal tract account for more than 99%, and facultative anaerobic bacteria and aerobic bacteria are less than 1%. In the production of animal probiotic products, using the dominant population strains in the target host as the main component, it is beneficial to quickly restore the population advantage and achieve a new balance of the dysfunctional micro-ecology.
(2) Biological oxygen abstraction theory: Since animal pathogenic microorganisms are mostly aerobic or facultative anaerobic bacteria, once intestinal micro-ecological disorders occur, in order to control the growth and reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms, beneficial aerobic strains are used and consumed quickly. Oxygen in the intestine reduces the oxygen required for the growth of pathogenic microorganisms in the intestinal tract. It can also promote the balance of micro-ecology recovery, so as to achieve the purpose of preventing and treating diseases.
(3) Theory of biological antagonism: Once the intestinal epithelial mucosal cells are occupied by a large number of normal microbiota, they constitute the biological barrier of the organism. At the same time, during the process of proliferation, these beneficial microorganisms metabolizes products such as acetic acid, propionic acid and butyl. Active substances such as acid, lactic acid, antibiotics and hydrogen peroxide form a chemical barrier, and a large number of beneficial microorganisms prevent the colonization of pathogenic microorganisms by occupying space and chemical inhibition, and exert biological anti-allergic effects.
(4) Theory of microbial population and nutrition: Some microorganisms can produce protein, amino acids, vitamins and other nutrient factors for animal nutrition during the growth process. Some microorganisms can also produce various digestive enzymes to release and degrade the feed in the intestine. Ingredients promote the digestion and absorption of nutrients, improve the utilization of feed, and promote animal growth. The main metabolite of obligate anaerobic bacteria is butyric acid. Butyric acid is the main source of nutrition for colonic epithelial cells. The imbalance of intestinal flora after the lack of butyric acid should not restore balance and affect the growth of colonic epithelial cells.
(5) "Three-stream operation" theory: Some microecological preparations can be used as immunoregulatory factors to enhance the phagocytic ability and antibody production ability of phagocytic cells; also promote the metabolism of toxic substances, promote intestinal peristalsis, and maintain the integrity of mucosal structure, thus ensuring The normal functioning of gene flow, energy flow and material flow in the micro-ecological system.
2.1.2 Probiotics have problems and precautions
2.1.2.1 Adhesion to the host gut
The colonization of live bacteria has obvious species-specificity, and the dominant strain isolated from an animal exhibits strong colonization power for the animal, and may not be easily colonized for other animals. When the strain enters the intestine, it can proliferate to form a stable flora, and exerts an ecological effect, which is closely related to the adhesion of the intestinal mucosal epithelial cell surface of the animal.
2.1-2.2 Stability issues
Probiotics are live bacterial preparations, and the stability of different kinds of strains is very different. The external environment, such as moisture, temperature, acidity, oxygen, mechanical friction and extrusion, and storage time all affect the activity of the microecological preparation.
(1) Effect of moisture: Generally, in a dry state, the microorganism is more stable and the survival rate is high. If the water is elevated and the storage time is prolonged, the survival rate is lowered. In addition. Different bacteria have different water tolerance, spore-type bacteria have the best tolerance, enterococcus, followed by Streptococcus faecalis, and Lactobacillus again; different lactobacilli have different water stability, Lactobacillus planta is better, acidophilic Lactobacillus is poor, yeast is well tolerated by water, reducing the water content of microbial products, or using a dehydrating agent, can prolong the preservation time of live bacteria.
(2) Effect of temperature: When the probiotic storage or processing temperature is high, the activity will be greatly affected. Therefore, microbial products, especially non-spore microorganisms, should be stored in a low temperature environment as much as possible. At present, there are a lot of animal microecological preparations, such as Lactobacillus, Bacillus, Streptococcus and Yeast. Lactic acid bacteria are relatively fragile and cannot withstand the processing conditions such as temperature and pressure during granulation. On the contrary, Bacillus is relatively stable. It can form spores to resist changes in temperature, pressure and moisture. It can survive after granulation, yeast and streptococci. The viability after granulation is between lactic acid bacteria and Bacillus.
(3) Effect of pH: Except for Lactobacillus, the microorganism is extremely easy to die when the pH is lower than 4.5, and the product has high stability when the pH is neutral 6-7. Therefore, the microbial preparation should be made neutral as much as possible, and contact with the acidifier should be avoided as much as possible during the preservation process.
(4) Effects of oxygen: Anaerobic microecological preparations, especially those anaerobic and non-spore-forming microorganisms, are exposed to oxygen and have a serious loss of activity. For example, exposure of lactic acid bacteria to natural air is poorly tolerated and rapidly dies.
(5) Effects of antibacterial substances: antibiotics, sulfonamides, unsaturated fatty acids, mineral premixes, concentrates, etc. are all bactericidal inhibitors. For example, copper, calcium and choline can cause a significant decrease in lactobacillus activity within a few days. The use of microecological preparations in premixes should be considered for their activity. Under normal circumstances, it is possible to use good resistance to the external environment. Bacillus.
2.11 3 Scientific use of probiotics
2.1.3.1 Choosing the right strain
Selecting the correct probiotic strains can maximize the use of the feed in the feed. These strains must have one or more of the following basic characteristics: (1) good adhesion in the intestine, It can proliferate rapidly, such as Streptococcus lactis, which can be propagated in 19 minutes and can compete with pathogenic E. coli. (2) It can resist gastric acid and bile acids, such as Bacillus and Lactobacillus, which can pass through the stomach and small intestine smoothly. (3) It can produce spores, such as Bacillus, which can be in a dormant state, have enhanced resistance to the outside world, are not easily killed, and become active after reaching the intestinal tract. (4) It can release nutrients to supply animal nutrition or other active substances to inhibit pathogenic microorganisms or increase the immunity level of animals.
2.1.3.2 Establishing quantitative advantages
The number of viable bacteria in each gram of product must reach a certain amount, and use a large dose of live bacterial preparation to give a quantitative advantage. For example, Bacillus should contain at least 1 billion viable bacteria per gram, and the amount added in the diet can reach 0.1% and used continuously. If probiotics are continuously supplied to animals through feed or drinking water, it can also alleviate the loss of live bacteria in storage, processing and in vivo, and the maximum effect. According to Zhang Chunyang, experiments were carried out using microecological preparations containing Bacillus cereus and Bacillus subtilis. The test chickens were divided into 2 groups and the addition amount was about 0.2%. One group was added every day, continuous; the other group was added for 2d, 2d was not added, and the experiment was repeated for 18 days. As a result, a group of continuous growth-enhancing effects and a lower meat-to-meat ratio were significantly better than another group of intermittent additions.
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