Li Yizhong: Talking about Safety Production in China

Li Yizhong

(June 16, 2006)

I am very pleased to have this opportunity to exchange views with the comrades present on safe production.

The concept of "safe production" is, in a general sense, referring to the harmonious operation of people, machines, materials, and the environment in social production activities, so that potential risks and harmful factors in the production process are always in an effective state of control. To effectively protect the lives and health of workers. The Encyclopedia of China defines safe production as "a policy that aims to guarantee the safety of workers in the production process and a principle that must be followed in business management."

The work of safe production is related to the fundamental interests of the broadest masses of people. It is a matter of the overall situation of reform, development, and stability. It has always been highly valued by the party and the country. "Safety first, prevention first, and comprehensive management" are the basic principles for the Party's work safety. The Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee established the guiding principle of "safety development." The Central Economic Work Conference put forward various measures to resolutely curb the occurrence of serious accidents such as coal mines and increase safety production. The 116 regular meetings of the State Council stressed that we must adhere to the principle of treating both the root causes and the symptoms, focusing on treating the symptoms, and clarifying 12 measures to address the root cause. At the National Security Work Conference held at the end of February of the State Council, Premier Wen Jiabao delivered an important speech and put forward 10 tasks that should be focused on in the near future. The "Government Work Report" of the Fourth Session of the Tenth National People's Congress expounded the problem of safe production in a large space, and once again demonstrated to the Chinese and foreign governments a strong determination to ensure safe production. The 11th Five-Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development lists safety production as a special section and puts forward two important work goals.

On the afternoon of March 27th, the Politburo of the CPC Central Committee conducted the 30th collective learning meeting and heard special reports from experts on the “measures of foreign production safety systems and strengthening the system of safe production in China”. General Secretary Hu Jintao presided over the study meeting and delivered an important speech, comprehensively, profoundly and incisively expounded the significance, principles, principles, and countermeasures of the work safety work. It has important practical significance and long-term strategic significance for promoting national safe production and achieving safe development.

In the following, on the basis of studying the important speeches made by General Secretary Hu Jintao and Premier Wen Jiabao, and on the basis of brief introduction to the historical development and reality of China’s production safety, we will take targeted measures and realize how to proceed from the national conditions and actual conditions and learn from foreign experience. The fundamental improvement in China's production safety situation is based on some understanding. Inappropriate, please correct me.

I. Historical Development and Current Situation of China's Safety Production

(I) Three stages of safe production in China and three stages of development since 1978

------The time of the safety production policy and management system was established (1949-1965). The first national coal mine work conference held in November 1949 put forward “mine production, safety first”. The second National Conference on Labor Protection in 1952 clearly stated that it was necessary to adhere to the principle of "safety first" and the principle of "safety must be controlled for production." In 1954, the first Constitution enacted by New China determined the strengthening of labor protection and improvement of working conditions as a basic national policy. The Central People's Government has successively promulgated administrative regulations such as the “Safety and Sanitary Regulations of the Factory” and “Technical Specification for the Safety of Construction and Installation Projects” and established a safe production work system that is comprehensively supervised by the labor department and specifically managed by the industrial sector. The safety of workers is fundamental. It has been improved. However, the one-sided pursuit of high economic indicators during the “Great Leap Forward” period led to an increase in accidents. During the period from 1958 to 1961, the average annual accident death rate of industrial and mining enterprises increased by nearly 4 times compared with the period of “1st Five-year Plan” (Figure 1). On May 8, 1960, 684 people were killed in gas explosions at Laobain coal mine in Datong, Shanxi, which was a founding nation. The most serious mine disaster since. In 1963, the State Council promulgated the "Several Regulations on Strengthening the Safe Work in the Production of Enterprises", and restored and reconstructed the order of production safety, and the accident has obviously declined.

------ Influenced by the "Cultural Revolution" (1966-1977). Safety production and labor protection have been criticized as the "bourgeois philosophy of life and survival." The rules and regulations have been regarded as "management pressure" and corporate management has been severely affected, resulting in frequent accidents. In 1970, the Ministry of Labor merged into the State Development Planning Commission, and its comprehensive safety management function was transferred accordingly. At this stage, the safety management of the government and the enterprise was once out of control. In the period from 1971 to 1973, the average accident death rate of industrial and mining enterprises was 16,119, which was 2.7 times more than that in 1962-1967 (Figure 1). In September 1975, the State Labor Bureau was established to set up labor protection bureaus and boiler pressure vessel safety supervision bureaus.

------ The period of restoration and innovation (1978 to date). It can be divided into the following three stages:

The first is the phase of recovery and reorganization (1978-1991). After smashing the Gang of Four, the economic environment was regulated and the economic order was rectified, creating a better macro environment for enhancing safety production. The regulations on Mine Safety Supervision Regulations and Regulations on the Reporting and Handling of Casualty Accidents have been issued in succession. The National Safety Production Committee was established. The number of accident deaths in industrial and mining enterprises dropped.

The second is to adapt to the stage of establishing a socialist market economic system (1992-2002). In order to bring into play the main role of the market economy of enterprises, the State Council decided in 1993 to implement a safe production management system of “corporate responsibility, industry management, national supervision, and mass supervision.” A number of laws and regulations, including the Mine Safety Law and the Labor Law, as well as industrial injury insurance, reports of major injuries and deaths, and management of hidden dangers in major accidents have been issued. In 1998, the reform of the State Council and the comprehensive supervision of safety production undertaken by the former Ministry of Labor were passed to the State Economic and Trade Commission for exercise. In early 2000, the National Bureau of Coal Industry added the brand of the State Bureau of Coal Mine Safety Supervision and established 20 provincial supervisory bureaus and 71 regional offices to implement unified vertical management. At the beginning of 2001, the National Safety Production Supervision Bureau was established and “one agency and two brands” with the National Coal Mine Safety Supervision Bureau. In November 2002, the "Safety Production Act" was promulgated, and safety production began to be incorporated into a relatively sound legal track. However, due to the transition of the economic system and the acceleration of industrialization at this stage, especially the rapid development of small private enterprises, the safety production is facing a series of new situations and new problems, and the safety situation has undergone major reoccurrence (Figure 1).

The third is the stage of innovation and development (since 2003). Since the party’s 16th National Congress, the party Central Committee with Comrade Hu Jintao as its general secretary has guided the overall economic and social development with a scientific outlook on development, adhered to the principle of “people-oriented”, and adopted a series of measures in the legal system, system, mechanism, and investment to strengthen safety production. In 2003, the State Bureau of Safety Production Supervision (National Coal Mine Safety Supervision Bureau) became a member of the State Council directly under the State Council and established the State Council’s Safe Production Committee; in 2004, the State Council made the Decision on Further Strengthening Safety Production; at the beginning of 2005, the National Safe Production Supervision and Management The Bureau was upgraded to the General Administration of Directorate; at the beginning of 2006, the National Emergency Rescue Command Center for Safe Production was established. Since 2003, the number of fatal accident deaths has been curtailed year after year (Figure 2). In the same year, there were 2,625 fewer deaths from the previous year, a decrease of 2.1%; a decrease of 0.2% in 2004 and a decrease of 7.1% in 2005.

(B) Some Features of Safety Production Since the Founding of the People's Republic of China

Through the analysis of accidental death statistics at various stages and stages, we can find:

First, the total number of accidents increased with the expansion of the economy. In the more than 50 years since the founding of the People's Republic of China, the death toll of industrial and mining enterprises has generally risen (Figure 1). It is worth noting that in 2003 there was a "turning point" in which the death toll from accidents began to decline in the context of continued growth in GDP (Figures 1 and 2). From the analysis of the accident death index curve, the volatility was large in 1953-1976, and the volatility was relatively small after 1978 (Figure 3). The volatility of the death toll index has a statistical relationship with the change of the GDP growth rate, and it has been relatively stable since the reform and opening up. The economic and social environment has created favorable conditions for the steady development of safe production.

Second, some relative indicators that reflect the relationship between accident deaths and economic activity have continued to decline. The death rate of one million tons of coal, the death rate of road vehicles, and the death rate of 100,000 employees in industrial and mining enterprises have been declining year by year (Figure 4, Figure 5, Figure 6). This shows that with the improvement of the security legal system and supervision, our country's safe production has been continuously strengthened and improved.

Third, the frequency of catastrophic accidents has increased (Figure 7). This phenomenon shows that with the expansion of production scale, the increase in the degree of centralization of production, the acceleration of urbanization, and the increase in transportation, and the low labor productivity, the normative economic order has not yet been fully established, and the risk of serious accidents involving dead and injured groups has occurred. With the increase, the prevention of serious accidents is the key task of our country's work safety in the current and future period.

(III) Significant progress has been made in the legal system and system construction of China's production safety

------ The legal system of production safety has taken shape. At present, there is a main law called "safety production law." Labor Law, Coal Law, Mine Safety Law, Occupational Disease Prevention Law, Marine Traffic Safety Law, Road Traffic Safety Law, Fire Protection Law, Railway Law, Civil Aviation Law There are more than a dozen special laws such as the “Electricity Law” and “Building Law” that all have provisions for safe production. There are "State Council Regulations on the Investigation of Administrative Liabilities for Extraordinarily Serious Accidents," "Safety Production License Regulations," "Coal Mine Safety Supervision Regulations," "Special Provisions on Prevention of Coal Mine Production Safety Accidents," and "Dangerous Chemicals Safety Management Regulations." There are more than 50 administrative regulations such as the “Regulations for the Implementation of the Road Traffic Safety Law” and the “Regulations for the Safe Production of Construction Projects,” and hundreds of departmental regulations. In addition, all provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities) have formulated a set of local regulations and rules. All aspects of safe production can generally be implemented by law.

------ The safety supervision system has taken shape. At present, the status of safety management duties at the national level is as follows: The General Administration of Safety Supervision implements comprehensive supervision of national safety production, and is responsible for coal mine safety supervision and non-coal mines, dangerous chemicals, fireworks and other safety supervision work in the non-competent sector industries; The General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine is responsible for the safety supervision and inspection of special equipment such as boiler and pressure vessels; the Ministry of Health is responsible for the diagnosis and treatment of occupational diseases; the Ministry of Labor and Social Security is responsible for the management of industrial injury insurance, while retaining the work protection functions for children and women; the National Commission for Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense and public security The Ministry, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Construction, the Ministry of Communications, the Ministry of Railways, the Civil Aviation Administration, the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission, and the State Electricity Regulatory Commission are responsible for the safety work in this system and the field. At present, provinces (autonomous regions, municipalities), cities (states, leagues), and 92% of counties (cities, flags) have established safety regulatory agencies. There are approximately 35,000 supervisory personnel across the country, initially forming a comprehensive supervision and interaction with industry regulators. The system and the pattern of safe production work under the unified leadership of the government, supervision by the department according to law, overall responsibility of the company, participation of the masses in supervision, and extensive social support.

------ The production safety emergency system began to be established. The State Council issued the "National General Emergency Response Plan for Public Emergency Incidents" and the 25 special plans including the "National Emergency Plan for Production Safety Incidents and Disasters," and 80 preplans for departments, of which safety production accounted for 31%. All provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities have formulated and issued emergency plans for production safety, and high-risk industries and enterprises above designated size have basically completed the preparation of emergency plans. Emergency rescue forces such as mines, fire protection, road traffic, water and railways have taken shape. The framework of a safe production and emergency response system centered on national, provincial, and municipal three levels of production safety emergency command centers and national, regional, and emergency rescue teams is being formed.

( D) At present, China's safe production situation is manifested as the overall stable, tending to improve the development trend and the still rigorous status quo coexist

In 2005, with the sustained and rapid development of the national economy and tight coal, electricity and oil transportation, the number of accidents and deaths in the country fell by 10.7% and 7.1% respectively from the previous year. Industrial and mining business and road, water, rail traffic and other accidents have dropped significantly. The number of coal mine accidents decreased by 9.2%, the death toll dropped by 1.5%, and the death rate per million tons of coal dropped to 2.81, a decrease of 0.27. Of the 31 statistical units in the country (provinces, cities and municipalities and the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps), 29 accident deaths were lower than control targets. The number of accidents and deaths in the first five months of this year fell by 11.4% and 12.1% respectively year-on-year. However, the situation is still severe:

First, there are frequent major accidents such as coal mines . From mid-October 2004 to early December 2005, six coal mine accidents involving more than one hundred people have occurred one after another. In 2005, there were 134 accidents involving deaths of more than 10 people, an increase of 3 accidents over the previous year. The number of deaths increased by 17%, including 58 coal mines, an increase of 15 cases, and a death toll of 66.6%. From January to May this year, there were 2 incidents involving more than 30 people, and more than one accident involving deaths of nearly 30 people. Some incidents were due to fluke and did not cause even more serious casualties.

Second, the total number of accidents is still too large. In 2005, there were 717,938 accidents and 127,089 deaths in the country, of which 98,738 were road traffic accidents, accounting for 77.7%; 7380 were railway accidents, accounting for 5.8%; 5938 were coal mine accidents, accounting for 4.7%; 2607 were construction accidents. People, accounting for 2.0% (Figure 8).

Third, the risk of accidental casualties in China's industrial and mining enterprises remains high. At present, the death rate of 100,000 people in industrial and mining enterprises is about 10, of which the death rate of 100,000 people in the coal industry is as high as 109.1, that of non-coal mining is 80.2, and that of the chemical industry and construction industry are 10.26 and 9.95 respectively (Table 1).

(5) Analysis of the causes of the severe situation

There are shallow and deep-seated contradictions; there is a historical accumulation, and there are new issues emerging under the new situation. It can roughly be summed up in three aspects:

First, the issue of "not being strict and failing to implement" is still outstanding . A series of policy measures taken by the State Council and local governments in the work safety production still remain verbally, in documents, and in meetings, and they have not been truly implemented in counties, townships and enterprises. The "safety first, prevention-oriented, comprehensive management" policy has been discounted in its implementation. Some comrades have confused the relationship between life safety and other issues, major contradictions, and minor contradictions. They have also spoken ethically about people-centeredness and safety first. They have changed when they encounter real problems. They have even reversed their orders and placed the cart before the horse. For example, during the work of rectifying and shutting down unsafe conditions and illegal small coal mines, the person in charge of some localities only saw some specific problems that could be brought about by the rectification and closure of local economic development and mining area life, and they could not see these small mines. The status quo that kills people and harms the country and the people is worrying and protracted. The force of policy implementation and the intensity of safety work are gradually reduced.

Driven by interests. So far there are still some local and corporate officials believe that the effectiveness of risk is greater than the security risk. They believe that as long as the benefits go up, it will be worthwhile to lower certain standards, reduce some inputs, and even impose some penalties on safety. In order to obtain high profits, a few private enterprises raise the risk of casualties borne by workers to a critical point and organize production in the event of casualties that may occur at any time. Some owners even concealed and escaped after the accident. Some local governments have unilaterally pursued the pace of economic development, and they have serious short-term behaviors. When investing and setting up industries, the first thing to consider is output value, profits and taxes, and people's livelihood issues such as safety and environmental protection are often overlooked, and market access thresholds are reduced.

Supervision is not in place. China's security regulatory system has changed several times, long-standing problems of multiple government exits, cross-functional functions and other issues have not yet been fully resolved, and the efficiency of supervision is relatively low. In addition, supervision of safety production supervision is insufficient, technical equipment is backward, and professional quality and law enforcement ability are uneven. Problems such as "weak law enforcement and untrue work" are widespread. Some leading cadres and staff members dereliction of duty, even favoritism and malpractice, serve as an umbrella for illegal law violations, and the society has responded strongly.

Second, weak foundations restrict safety production. Insufficient long-term investment and a large number of debts lags behind. Last year, state experts organized experts to carry out safety technology "consultations" on 54 key coal mines and 462 mines, and identified 5,886 major hidden troubles. The treatment cost was 68.9 billion yuan. A batch of old industrial bases and large-scale state-owned enterprises have not undergone major technological transformation for many years, their production processes are backward, equipment is outdated or even outdated. According to the survey, about 1/3 of the state-owned coal mine equipment in use should be phased out and updated. Some small coal mines even rely on people to carry their shoulders and carry out primitive operations. With the acceleration of urbanization, some industrial dangerous facilities that were originally located in the suburbs are gradually being surrounded by bustling downtown and become a major threat to public safety. In only 11 provinces and cities, there are 407 hazardous chemical production companies that need to be relocated.

The overall level of safety technology is not high, and safety technology standards and specifications lag behind. In recent years, some chemical parks have been established and put into operation one after another, many of which are major sources of danger. Before the establishment of these facilities, safety assessment and safety planning review should be carried out first, but due to lack of standards and technical support, it is difficult to be strictly enforced. Safety technology laws and standards lag behind obviously. For example, after the well blowout of high-sulfur high-pressure oil and gas wells, the foreign safety regulations clearly stipulate that fire must be ignited within 15 minutes after the blowout goes out of control; in our country's relevant technical regulations, there are no strict time and procedures. Provisions. In 2003, Kaihuang County, Chongqing was lit for 18 hours after the “12.23” catastrophic blowout. The hydrogen sulfide released from the area ignited in large areas, causing heavy casualties.

The safety quality of employees cannot meet the needs. In recent years, a large number of rural laborers have moved into high-risk, heavy physical labor industries and fields such as mines and buildings. Of the 5.5 million coal mine workers in the country, about half are migrant workers, mainly in the next line of the mine, and almost all of the small coal mine employees are migrant workers. Of the 30 million construction workers, 80% are migrant workers. According to statistics, among migrant workers, illiteracy and semi-illiteracy account for 7%, primary school culture is 29%, and high school or above only accounts for 13%. Violations of command, illegal operations, and violations of labor discipline are serious. According to investigations, more than 90% of accidents are caused by "three violations."

Third, macro factors have a profound and long-term impact on production safety . Under the traditional mode of extensive economic growth, the increase in the total economic volume may lead to an increase in accidents. After the total amount has been expanded, the number of enterprises, industrial production scale, and the number of employees have increased accordingly, while safety investment and safety management are lagging behind, which may lead to an increase in the total number of accidents. The rapid economic development will inevitably create huge demand for coal, electricity, oil, raw materials, and transportation. This will enable companies to generate over-production impulses and risk their production despite security conditions. One of the important reasons for the occurrence of mine disasters in recent years has been severe super capacity, over-strength, and over-capacity mining.

The proportion of industry and manufacturing is relatively large, which increases the risk of accidents. Since 2000, the average value-added of China’s secondary industry has increased by 10.5% annually, which is 2.8 and 1.3 times the growth rate of the primary and tertiary industries, respectively. In 2005, the added value of the secondary industry accounted for 47.3% of the GDP. In the period of rapid development of the secondary industry, there are often cases of high accident frequency, high death toll, and serious occupational hazards.

Some industry management weaknesses affect safe production. The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress pointed out in the law enforcement inspection of the safety production law last year that the management of the coal industry was weakened. At present, most places have withdrawn or merged coal management agencies, coal development and construction, resource management, industrial policies, major project scientific research, technological progress, structural adjustment, economic operation, procedural standards, education and training, etc., lacking overall planning and strong supervision. management. Especially in terms of safety production, industry safety standards and technical policies cannot be revised and adjusted in a timely manner. The lack of effective guidance on corporate safety management affects and restricts the improvement of coal mine safety.

At the same time, it should be noted that although the macro-control policy of the state has a huge role, it has a certain lag. Under the conditions of market economy, strengthening security legislation and law enforcement supervision are the basic ways of state intervention. Others, such as adjusting the industrial structure, increasing investment in safety production, and changing extensive economic growth patterns, can all play a positive role in safety production. But the appearance of its effect requires a process. It will be difficult to solve some problems that restrict safety production, especially those with deep and historic problems, that will be solved in the short term. At this stage, the security production situation is unstable and prone to fluctuations and repetitions. There should be clear-headed understanding of this, and it is a good preparation for arduous efforts and long-term hard work.

Second, the development prospects and favorable factors of China's safe production

(1) Safety production is an inevitable problem in the process of industrialization

In the process of obtaining production materials and living materials, human beings will inevitably suffer harm from nature, workplaces, and labor tools. This degree of harm in agricultural society is limited. After entering industrialization and socialized production, safe production has become a social issue that must be taken seriously.

According to the report of the International Labor Organization, the total number of employees in the world is 2.7 billion. The number of deaths caused by occupational accidents is about 210,000 (referring to the death toll from work-related injuries, excluding traffic accidents and occupational disease deaths). Losses caused by accidents and occupational hazards, such as property loss, compensation, lost workdays, production interruptions, training and retraining, and medical expenses, account for about 4% of the global GDP.

Countries in the world use not only absolute indicators of accidental deaths, but also relative indicators that reflect the relationship between accident deaths and economic development. For example, the number of accidental deaths per 100,000 employees, the death rate per unit of GDP, and the number of deaths per million working hours The rate, and the 10,000-car death rate for road traffic, and the million-million-ton death rate for coal, reflect the security status of a country (region) or certain industry sectors. If these indicators remain high, it means that they have paid a high cost of life for economic development.

The death rate of 100,000 employees in the industry has been declining in all countries in the world in the past 20 years. In 1990, most countries were around 15 and in 2000 dropped to an average of 10 or less. In 2002, they fell below 8. However, the situation in various countries is very uneven. The average death rate of 100,000 people in advanced industrialized countries is generally low, with an average of 4 or so, of which the UK is the lowest, below 1; Australia, from 7 in 1992 to 2 in 2002; Germany, dropped from 5.1 in 1990 to 2.9 in 2002; the United States dropped from 5.3 in 1992 to 4.2 in 2002; Japan was 4.5 in 2002. Developing countries generally have more than 10 countries, of which Brazil has about 15 countries, and Africa and other countries are even more economically disadvantaged. With the caliber calculation, China is currently about 10 (Figure 9).

The mortality rate per unit of gross domestic product accident was converted into RMB, and the United Kingdom fell from 0.04 in 1990 to the current 0.02; Japan fell from 0.07 in 1990 to the present 0.05; the United States, Australia, and France are all between 0.04 and 0.06. Developing countries are generally higher, South Korea is currently at 0.6, China's 2004 was 0.86, and 2005 was 0.7 (Table 2).

Mining industry, construction industry and transportation industry are the industries with more deaths caused by safety accidents in various countries, accounting for 50-60% of all accidental deaths. Therefore, adjustment and optimization of industrial structure play an important role in reducing accidental death. Advanced industrialized countries have generally formed an industrial pattern with a high proportion of services, followed by industry and manufacturing, a low proportion of agriculture (about 5% on average), and low-risk industries. In 2001, the number of employees in industries such as mining, construction, and transportation in the United States accounted for only 15.4% of the total number of employees. Although the 100,000 deaths in the three industries were 24, 12 and 11 respectively (Table 3), they are much higher than In other industries, but due to a relatively high proportion of employment in low-risk industries such as services and finance, the overall death rate of 100,000 people is low, with an average of 4.2.

(B) The advanced industrialized countries have generally experienced a period of development from the accident to the stable and declining gradually.

Studies have shown that the security situation is relative to the level of economic and social development and is an asymmetric parabolic function (Figure 10). It can be roughly divided into four phases. First, the primary stage of industrialization, the rapid development of industrial economy, and the occurrence of multiple production safety accidents; the second is industrialization. In the intermediate stage, production safety accidents reached a peak and were gradually controlled; third, advanced industrialization stage, production safety accidents rapidly declined; fourth, post-industrialization era, production safety accidents fell steadily, and accident deaths were few.

Japan was in the primary stage of industrialization from 1948 to 1960. The per capita GDP increased from 300 US dollars to 1,420 U.S. dollars, with an average annual increase of 15.5 percent. The number of accidents also increased sharply. In the 13 years, the death rate from occupational accidents increased by 146.1 percent. From 1961 to 1968, it was in an intermediate stage of industrialization. The per capita GDP increased from 1,420 to 5,925 U.S. dollars. The accident's high momentum was controlled to a certain extent, but the number of deaths caused by occupational accidents was only about 50 million people in the industrial and manufacturing industries. Still fluctuating around 6,000 people. In the advanced stage of industrialization from 1969 to 1984, the number of fatal accidents dropped to 2,635, an average of 5.2% per year. Since then, Japan has entered a post-industrial era. The number of deaths caused by accidents has been steadily declining. In 2002, it was 1689 (Figure 11).

The United States is a big coal producer, with good conditions for coal storage and exploitation, and 51% for open pit mines, but its coal industry has also experienced an accident-prone phase (Figure 12). From 1900 to 1907, the U.S. GDP increased by 36%, and the number of deaths from coal mine accidents also soared from 1489 to 3,242. In 1907, the death rate per million tons was as high as 8.37. Between 1019 and 1910, 10 occurrences occurred 10 times. Death of more than 100 people. From 1908 to 1930, the GDP increased by 88%, the number of deaths from coal mine accidents decreased to 2063 in 1930, and the death rate from coal to millions of tons dropped to 3.56. The accident was gradually controlled and began to decline. From 1931-1960, the GDP increased by 216%, and the safety production status also improved markedly. By 1960, 420 people died in coal mines, and the death rate per million tons of coal was 0.95. After 1970, the accident continued to decrease, but in 1972, there was a coal accident that killed 125 people. The United States currently produces about 1 billion tons of coal annually, with about 30 deaths and a death rate of 0.03 tons.

The safety production in industrialized countries such as the United Kingdom, Germany, and France has also experienced a process of frequent accidents, declining and tending to be stable. As a developing country, Brazil, after the 1960s, was a period of rapid economic growth and a period of stable adjustment. The death rate of 100,000 people experienced fluctuations over the past 20 years and began to decline after 1992 (Figure 13).

This staged characteristic of safe production reveals the inherent connection between safe production and the level of economic and social development. When the per capita GDP is in a certain range of rapid growth, production safety accidents also rise relatively quickly, and in a period of high volatility, we call this stage the "prone period" of production safety accidents. The so-called "easy to send" means that there are many potential insecurity factors. During this period, on the one hand, the rapid economic development, the rapid expansion of social production activities and transportation scale; on the other hand, the security legal system is still not perfect, the government's safety supervision mechanism is not perfect, the level of science and technology and productivity is low, and the basis of enterprises and public safety is still relatively Weakness, education and training lag behind, these factors are likely to lead to accidents.

According to the World Bank's criteria for economic development, the relevant agencies selected four types, 27 countries, and 14 economic and social development indicators for comprehensive analysis. It was found that in addition to the level of economic and social development and industrial structure, safety production is related to the state. Safety supervision system, safety legal system construction, science and technology investment level, social welfare system, education popularity, safety culture and other factors are closely related. Therefore, "easy to send" does not necessarily mean that the accident has a high incidence and frequency. In fact, the time spans and experiences of economic development intervals and experiences experienced by countries in the "prone period" are not the same: the United States and the United Kingdom are between 1000-3000 US dollars per capita, and the time spans are 60 years (1900-1960) and 70 respectively. Year (1880-1950); Japan's emerging industrialized countries, the "easy-to-produce period" is between $ 1,000-6000, and the time span is shortened to 26 years (1948-1974). (Table 4)

(III) China's Safe Production Development Planning and Struggle Objectives

The "Decision on Further Strengthening Safety Production Work" made by the State Council in early 2004 clearly defined China's mid-to-long-term struggle for safe production. The first stage is to establish a relatively complete safety supervision system by 2007, which is the term of the current government. The national safety production situation has been steadily improving, the frequent occurrence of accidents in key industries and fields has been reversed, and the number of fatal accident deaths among industrial and mining enterprises, coal mines with a mortality rate of one million tons, and road transportation vehicle death rate have all decreased by a certain extent. The second stage : By 2010, when the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" is completed, a standardized and orderly legal order for production safety will be preliminarily formed, the national safety production situation will be significantly improved, major accidents will be effectively contained, and all types of production safety accidents and deaths There is a significant decrease. The third stage: By 2020, when the well-to-do society is fully established, the national safety production situation will be fundamentally improved, and the GDP death rate accident rate of 100,000 yuan and accident death rate of 100,000 accidents will be at or near the middle level of the world. National level.

According to the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" proposed by the Sixth Central Committee of the "Eleventh Five-Year" period to make the situation of safe production to further improve the goal of the Tenth National People's Congress of the four-year plan to the safety production as a special section, planning " During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, the death rate of production safety accidents per 100 million yuan of GDP was reduced by 35%, and the death rate of production safety accidents among industrial and mining business enterprises with 100,000 employees was reduced by 25%. At present, these two indicators, road traffic, vehicle death rate, and million tons of coal mortality have been included in the national statistical indicator system and statistical bulletin.

In view of the frequent occurrence of gas accidents in coal mines and the serious illegality of small coal mines, the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress proposed last year that the State Council has determined the two phases of coal mine safety work: that is, strive to use two years or so to make coal mines more serious than major gas explosion accidents. A substantial decline; strive to use about three years to solve the problem of small coal mines.

(IV) The establishment of the guiding principle of "safety development" points the way for safe production in the process of industrialization

The "Suggestions" of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 16th CPC Central Committee pointed out that we must adhere to economic development, clean development, and safe development to achieve sustainable development. General Secretary Hu Jintao emphasized at the 30th Collective Learning Meeting of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee that the inclusion of "safety development" as an important concept in the overall strategy of China's socialist modernization drive is a deepening of our understanding of the scientific outlook on development.

"Safety development" refers to the development of the national economy and regional economy, various industries and fields, various types of production and business units, and the progress and development of society. Security must be taken as a basic premise and guarantee, and consciously follows the party's and national policies for safe production. With laws and regulations, the development is based on the continuous enhancement of safety and security capabilities, continuous improvement of safety production conditions, and the practical guarantee of the safety of life and health of workers, and promote the simultaneous and coordinated development of safety production and economic society.

The introduction and establishment of the guiding principle of "safety development" reflects our Party's governing philosophy of putting people first, building a party for the public, and governing for the people, and enriches the connotation and theoretical system of the scientific concept of development. Development is the hard truth. Development should have long-lasting and follow-up capabilities. It must be based on the premise that resources and environment can be carried. It must also be based on the rational use of human resources and continuous improvement of the security situation. It must not be at the expense of human lives or the health of workers. . Saving development, clean development and safe development together constitute the profound connotation of sustainable development.

Adhering to safe development is also an inevitable requirement for building a socialist harmonious society. Only by ensuring the safety of life will it be possible to mobilize people's creative energy and life enthusiasm. Only by preventing major accidents and greatly reducing the trauma and shocks caused by the accident can the society be stable and orderly; only by obeying objective laws can we effectively prevent accidents. To achieve harmony between man and nature. In order to strengthen the building of a harmonious society, we must start from the practical issues that concern the vital interests of the people and do a good job of the hot spots and difficulties that the world is concerned about.

For a period of time, the guiding principle of "safety development" has gradually taken root. The "people-oriented" principle must first be based on people's lives. Scientific development must first develop safely. A harmonious society must first of all care for life. It is becoming the consensus of the whole party and the whole society and lays a solid ideological foundation for further strengthening work safety. A strong spiritual drive.

(V) China's safe production has political, institutional advantages and late-comer advantages

The Party organizations at all levels attached great importance to and strengthened their leadership and provided strong political guarantees and ideological guarantees for strengthening work safety. Attaching great importance to and earnestly doing a good job of work safety is an inexorable requirement for upholding the party for the public and governing for the people. It is an indispensable requirement for the implementation of the scientific concept of development. It is the realization, maintenance, and development of the fundamental interests of the broad masses of the people. The inevitable demand is also an inevitable requirement for building a socialist harmonious society. Giving full play to the advantages of the socialist system, we can focus our efforts on regrouping all kinds of resources to handle major issues and overcome key and difficult issues in the field of safety production.

By drawing lessons from the experiences of advanced industrialized countries, we can learn from each other and come on top of one another to achieve leapfrog development. The use of foreign scientific production innovations in safe production, as well as modern management theories and methods of systems engineering, cybernetics, and risk management, will improve China's safety science and technology and safety management.

In particular, we must point out that there are also problems and lessons in safe production in Western countries.除了在事故的防范和应急抢险救助等方面，仍然存在着不少问题之外，一些发达国家还转嫁安全风险，把危险化学工业、旧船拆卸、核废料处置等高污染、高危产业向发展中国家转移；在劳工安全福利上存在"双重标准"。漠视外籍劳工、非法入境滞留人员的安全状况，对地下工厂、"血汗"工厂从业人员的安全健康权益视而不见。在我国安全生产发展过程中，要注意吸取这些教训，少走弯路。

------通过总结我们自己的实践，可以更好地认识把握安全生产规律。我们在安全法制、体制、机制、责任制、安全文化建设等方面，探索和积累了经验。相继发生的一些重特大事故，用生命和鲜血换来的惨痛教训，更显珍贵，促使我们深刻反省，从制度、管理、技术等方面采取措施加强和改进安全工作。

------ 煤矿等重点行业和领域的安全工作逐步加强。从去年开始，我们组织实施了煤矿瓦斯治理和整顿关闭两个攻坚战。全面落实政府督导、专家会诊、监测监控、安全生产能力核定和以风定产、隐患排查整改等治理措施，煤矿防范瓦斯事故的能力有所提高；依法关闭了5931个非法和经停产整顿仍然不具备安全条件的煤矿，占小煤矿的1/4，消除了一批滋生事故、吞噬生命的"陷阱"。国家投资扶持重点煤矿补还安全欠账和技术改造的效果，将在今后逐步显现出来。非煤矿山、危险化学品、烟花爆竹、道路和水上交通、建筑施工、消防等重点行业领域的安全专项整治，也都取得了一定成绩。在这个基础上继续努力，我们能够扭转被动局面。

------国家为解决安全生产深层次问题而采取的一系列政策措施正在抓紧实施。去年年底，温家宝总理主持召开国务院第116次常务会议，研究提出运用经济、法律和必要行政手段，安全生产政策治本、源头治本的措施。在今年政府工作报告中提出今后一个时间内标本兼治的七个方面工作。随着经济增长方式的转变，结构调整的加快，宏观调控力度的加大，安全生产的外部环境和内部条件将进一步好转。

当前我国经济社会发展正站在新的历史起点上，安全生产工作困难与希望同在，挑战与机遇并存。相信只要我们坚持和依靠党的领导，充分调动广大人民群众的积极性，思路对头，真抓实干，就完全可以缩短西方国家所普遍经历的安全周期。用十几年时间，走过西方国家几十年走过的路，尽快实现我国安全生产状况的明显好转。

三、加强安全生产工作的对策措施

我国是一个发展中大国，安全生产摊子大、任务重。2005年底全国共有各类煤矿2.5万处，全国非煤矿山11.5万处，危化品生产企业2.27万家，烟花爆竹生产企业7000家,建筑施工企业8.78万家。全国汽车3200万辆，加上摩托车、农用车辆等，机动车保有量1.3亿辆。加油站7万多座，铁路与公路交叉道口1.44万处。每天民航起落飞机1万多架次，内河和海上飘泊行驶大小船只150多万艘（表5）。安全工作要做到万无一失、几万无一失，任务重、难度大。同时，我国又是一个正处在工业化发展过程中的国家，生产力水平较低，安全生产基础薄弱，与先进国家相比差距大。必须从国情和安全领域的实际出发，有针对性地采取对策措施。

当前和今后一个时期，加强我国安全生产工作的基本思路是： 用"以人为本"的科学发展观统揽安全生产工作全局，坚持"安全发展"的指导原则，认真贯彻"安全第一、预防为主、综合治理"方针，实施"标本兼治、重在治本"，在采取断然措施、坚决遏制煤矿等重特大事故的同时，加快实施治本之策，推动安全文化、安全法制、安全责任、安全科技、安全投入等要素落实到位，建立长效机制，加快实现我国安全生产状况的明显好转。

（一）把安全发展的科学理念纳入社会主义现代化建设的总体战略，纳入"十一五"经济社会发展规划中

要用党的十六届五中全会确立的"安全发展"的指导原则和胡锦涛总书记、温家宝总理的重要讲话统一思想，加深对安全生产极端重要性的认识，增强全党同志和各级干部搞好安全生产工作的政治责任感、历史使命感和现实紧迫感。充分认识加强安全生产工作的长期性、艰巨性和复杂性。

贯彻安全发展的科学理念和指导原则，要融入国家、地方、部门和行业、企业的发展战略和中长期规划中，纳入到"十一五" 经济社会发展规划中。要坚持把实现安全发展、保障人民群众生命财产安全和健康作为关系全局的重大责任，与经济社会发展各项工作同步规划、同步部署、同步推进，促进安全生产与经济社会发展相协调。如前所述， 2004年初国务院作出的《关于进一步加强安全生产工作的决定》，全国人大十届四次会议通过国民经济和社会发展"十一五"规划纲要，以及去年全国人大常委会提出、国务院确定的煤矿安全工作两个阶段性目标，上述规划和目标，都体现了党和政府加强安全生产工作、实现安全生产状况根本好转的坚强决心和坚定信心，反映了经济社会发展的必然要求和全党、全国人民的迫切愿望。

在国家规划指导下，安全生产"十一五"规划、安全科技发展规划、煤炭工业安全发展规划等，也都将陆续出台。各地政府在制定地方发展规划中，也都列出了安全生产的内容，设置了相应的安全指标，明确了奋斗目标和保障措施等，与国家的"十一五"规划相衔接，做到有目标、有项目、有资金、有措施、有支撑体系。各地的"十一五"规划要把已列入国家"十一五"规划的两个安全生产指标即单位国内生产总值生产安全事故死亡率下降35%，工矿商贸企业10万从业人员生产安全事故死亡率下降25%的目标分解落实，并结合实际，列出道路交通万车死亡率、百万吨煤炭死亡率等控制指标。制定和实施安全规划，创建本质安全型企业，建设安全保障性社会，实现"十一五"经济社会发展的宏伟目标。

（二）贯彻"安全第一、预防为主、综合治理"方针，治理隐患、防范事故，标本兼治、重在治本

把"综合治理"充实到安全生产方针当中，始于党的十六届五中全会《建议》，并在胡锦涛总书记、温家宝总理的讲话中进一步明确。这一发展和完善，更好地反映了安全生产工作的规律特点。党的安全生产方针是完整的统一体，安全第一、预防为主、综合治理三者之间具有内在的严密的逻辑关系：坚持安全第一，必须以预防为主，实施综合治理；只有认真治理隐患，有效防范事故，才能把"安全第一"落到实处。事故发生后组织开展抢险救灾，依法追究事故责任，深刻吸取事故教训，固然十分重要，但对于生命个体来说，伤亡一旦发生，就不再有改变的可能。事故源于隐患。防范事故的有效办法，就是要主动排查、综合治理各类隐患，把工作做在事故发生之前，把事故消灭在萌芽状态。从这个意义上说，综合治理是安全生产方针的基石，是安全生产工作的重心所在。

贯彻党的安全生产方针，必须把预防作为安全生产工作的主体性任务，把工作重心转移到治理隐患上来，关口前移、重心下移，掌握安全生产工作的主动权。要把煤矿安全作为安全生产工作的重中之重，继续打好瓦斯治理、整顿关闭不具备安全条件和非法煤矿两个攻坚战，下决心解决煤矿安全生产的"第一杀手"和"重灾区"问题。其他事故多发、人民群众普遍关注的工矿商贸、交通运输行业和领域，也都要针对突出问题和薄弱环节，采取措施深入开展安全专项整治活动。

贯彻党的安全生产方针，必须坚持标本兼治，重在治本。安全生产是一项复杂的系统工程，是生产力发展水平和社会公共管理水平的综合反映。造成目前重点行业领域重特大事故多发、安全生产形势依然严峻的原因是多方面的，有浅层次因素，也有深层次矛盾；有历史的积淀，也有新形势下出现的新问题。因此必须坚持标本兼治，在采取断然措施遏制重特大事故的同时，探寻和采取治本之策。国务院研究提出了安全生产政策治本、源头治本12个方面的工作：1、制定安全发展规划，建立和完善安全生产指标及控制体系；2、加强行业管理，修订行业安全标准和规程；3、增加安全投入，扶持重点煤矿治理瓦斯等重大隐患；4、推动安全科技进步，落实项目、资金；5、研究出台经济政策，建立、完善经济调控手段；6、加强教育培训，规范煤矿招工和劳动管理；7、加快立法工作，严格安全执法；8、建立安全生产激励约束机制；9、强化企业主体责任，严格企业安全生产业绩考核；10、严肃查处责任事故，防范惩治失职渎职以及官商勾结等腐败现象；11、倡导安全文化，加强社会监督；12、完善监管体制，加快应急救援体系建设。12项治本之策的制定实施，将会促进安全生产的明显好转。

（三）加强安全法制建设，实施依法治安

一是必须严刑厉法，重典治乱 。西方国家普遍建立了严厉的安全生产法律制度。美国多数州取消了死刑，对安全违法行为最高可以判处终生监禁。澳大利亚《煤矿安全与健康法》规定，矿主和经理人员如果违法违规生产，不仅要予以高额经济处罚，严重的要注销其执业执照，终生不允许再从事这一行业。1968年美国发生一起煤矿爆炸事故，78人遇难，引发全国性罢工。美国国会随后通过了《联邦煤矿安全与健康法》，规定不具备安全条件的煤矿必须关闭。此后10年间，美国虽然深受世界能源危机影响，却一直保持高压政策， 1978年与1968年相比，井工煤矿数由4100多个下降到1990个，减少近52%；煤炭年产量下降29%；煤矿事故死亡人数也减少了近73%。

目前我国安全生产领域的非法违法现象严重。一些私营业主无视法律，无视监管，无视生命，造成恶性事故。有的性质十分恶劣，形同谋财害命，民愤极大。而我国《刑法》第131－139条的规定，安全事故责任刑罚最多判七年，执行中还可能减缓或保外，很难起到震慑作用。亟待修改，或者做出数罪并罚、加重处罚的司法解释。此外，对不具备安全生产条件并导致事故发生的企业，《安全生产法》规定最高罚款20万元，远未使非法业主伤筋动骨，也无法起到惩一儆百的作用。去年出台的《国务院关于预防煤矿生产安全事故的特别规定》明确"没收非法所得并处以1-5倍罚款"，大大加强了处罚力度。广东梅州"8.7"透水事故罚款7000万元。在全国人大法工委、国务院法制办的支持下，目前《刑法》和《矿山安全法》、《煤炭法》等相关法律的修改以及司法解释工作正在推进。

二是必须在法律的贯彻执行上动真从严。法之有威，在于"法之必行"。

社会上对安全生产执法工作有一些批评，认为失之于宽，失之于软。这种情况，与现行安全法律法规不健全有关；但执法主体依法履行职责不到位也是重要原因。要继续下决心解决"执法不严、工作不实"问题。要敢于拿起法律这个武器，纠正惩处非法违法行为，维护人民的利益、法律的尊严和政府的权威。不仅要严惩事故直接责任者，同时还要严肃查处事故背后的失职渎职、权钱交易和官商勾结等腐败行为。清纠国家机关工作人员、国企负责人入股煤矿要持续深入进行下去，对不能认真履行执法职责的部门和人员，以行政"不作为"严肃追究其责任。中纪委、高检、高法、监察部、司法部、安监总局，将对最近两年安全生产刑事责任追究落实情况进行一次专项检查，检查结果要告知社会。

三是必须建立联合执法机制，提高执法效率。建立党委和政府统一领导、政府职能部门和公检法、纪检监察机关等共同参与的联合执法机制，是扭转当前安全执法不力的有效措施，是我国安全生产工作一个特色。在去年开始的煤矿整顿关闭工作中，五部委局联合下发了《关于严厉打击煤矿违法生产活动的通知》，探索建立了联合执法工作制度：地方政府一旦作出矿井关闭决定，相关部门必须立即吊销其采矿许可证、生产许可证、矿长资格证书、安全生产许可证、工商营业执照等各种证照，公安部门停止供应火工品，电力部门停止供电，对抗拒执法的予以严厉惩处。实践表明，联合执法符合国情和现阶段行政、司法等资源配置现状，可以有效打击非法违法行为。

四是必须健全安全生产法律法规体系。除了对现行法律、法规及时补充修订外，还要鼓励、支持部门和地方立法，作为对国家法律体系的补充。

要把建立健全完善安全技术标准，作为安全生产法制建设的重要一环来抓。美国制定了一般工业、海运业、建筑业和农业4大类标准，并随着经济发展和技术进步而不断进行修正。德国标准化学会制定的标准涉及建筑工程、采矿、冶金、化工、电工、安全技术、环境保护、卫生、消防、运输、家政等各个方面，每年大约制定1500个标准。相比之下，我们这方面的工作比较落后，一些行业没有完整的安全标准，一些安全标准十年一贯制，必须抓紧制定修订。去年"11.13"吉化双苯厂事故暴露出这方面的问题。化工厂地面水称"清净下水"，平常没有问题，可以向江河排放；但发生事故后混入了硝基苯，再排入松花江就会造成污染。事故状态下"清净下水"如何处置，至今尚无规范和标准。年初安监总局、环保总局联合下发紧急通知，要求中央化工企业6月30日前、地方化工企业9月30日前，必须采取措施解决这个问题。

（四）落实两个主体、两个责任制，纳入政绩、业绩考核

The government is the main body of supervision of safe production, and the company is the main responsibility of safe production.安全生产工作必须建立、落实政府行政首长负责制和企业法定代表人负责制。两个主体、两个负责制相辅相成，共同构成安全生产工作基本责任制度。

从政府的角度讲，发展经济是政绩，安全生产也是政绩，省、市、县、乡镇各级政府主要领导是本行政区域内安全生产第一责任人，要把安全生产纳入区域经济社会发展的总体规划，建立健全各级领导安全生产责任制和安全生产控制考核指标体系，逐级抓好落实；要对管辖范围内各类企业安全生产实施监管，重大隐患要胸中有数，重大问题要亲自动手抓，确保一方平安。各级安全监管监察机构、行业管理等部门是政府监管主体的组成部分，必须认真贯彻各级党委、政府安全生产工作部署，坚持严格执法、公正执法、廉洁执法，尽职尽责，任劳任怨，切实履行好监管监察、行业管理等职责。

从企业的角度来说，直接掌握生产经营决策权的法定代表人是安全生产第一责任人，必须对本单位的安全生产负总责，自觉接受政府的依法监管、行业部门的有效指导和社会的广泛监督，确保党和国家安全生产方针政策、法律法令在本企业的贯彻落实。企业领导人和经营者要依法依规，自觉保证和增加安全投入，改善安全条件，加强改进安全基础管理，搞好安全教育培训，排查和治理隐患，创建本质安全型企业。坚决纠正忽视安全、放松管理的错误倾向，切实保障从业人员的生命安全和健康权益。

党对安全生产工作的领导，主要体现在大政方针、法制建设、工作格局、运行机制、舆论导向、政治保证等方面。很重要的一条，就是明确支持两个责任制的落实，纳入政府政绩、企业业绩内容，作为评价使用干部的重要依据，加强监督考核，建立激励约束机制。

要把安全规划和控制考核指标落到实处。最近两年实行的年度安全生产控制考核指标，对强化地方政府安全责任、调动各级干部抓安全工作的积极性，很有作用。这个指标的核心在于"控制"，实质在于防止和减少伤亡事故。把事故死亡控制到最可能低的范围内，坚决扭转重特大事故多发的状况。下达控制考核指标，体现了实事求是的科学态度。

（五）实施科技兴安战略，

Tool Chests

Tool chests are equipped with heavy duty ball bearing slides and you can put them on roller cabinets.

Side Tool Cabinet,Rolling Tool Chest,Heavy Duty Tool Box,Tool Storage Chests

Changzhou Xingsheng Tianhe Electric Appliance Co., Ltd , https://www.roller-tool-cabinet.com