The basic situation of the United States Fire Protection

The United States fire-fighting work, based on the higher level of economic and social modernization development, has formed a relatively complete mechanism of legal regulation, government responsibility, social self-discipline, and legal supervision. It has the following main features:

(1) The level of the rule of law is high, and fire fighting is in good order

The United States is a developed country with relatively sound laws and regulations. The fire protection legislation of the United States mainly implements the system of the country to formulate recommended versions and local legislation at all levels. The state has formulated five recommended versions of fire protection laws according to different conditions of East, West, South and North. If it is discussed and passed by the state, city, and county, it becomes state, city, and County Fire Law. The states, cities, and counties also have fire laws passed by the parliament, and the city's and county's fire laws must be stricter than state laws to ensure more effective enforcement. Therefore, the fire safety laws and regulations of the United States are generally more detailed, and the responsibilities and obligations of citizens, society, enterprises, and fire protection departments are very specific and operability is strong. In a better atmosphere of the rule of law, fire laws and regulations have been obtained. Better implementation, and create a good fire work order.

(b) The government attaches great importance to fire protection and has a large investment.

The United States has an autonomous system. The state, municipal, and county governments are responsible for the firefighting work. Firefighting expenses are directly borne by the local government. In the 50 U.S. states, a total of approximately 150 billion U.S. dollars in normal firefighting funds are invested each year (excluding special funds for new equipment, vehicles, new fire stations, etc.), and firefighters average US$13,000 per year. Professional firefighters pay for flats. The proportion of expenses is large. For example, there are 48 professional fire fighters in the fire station of the Donglan New City Fire Bureau. The municipal government spends 5 million U.S. dollars (10.40 thousand U.S. dollars per capita) on its annual expenditure, 95% of the team salary, and 5% accumulation of purchases. Equipment, captain annual salary of 75,000 US dollars, the team's annual salary of 4 - 5 million US dollars. The funds are managed by the fire chief and reviewed by the city council.

The United States has adopted a combination of federal government and local government compensation and insurance payments to the sacrificed firefighters to provide families with higher economic compensation. The federal government compensated 100,000 U.S. dollars for local government compensation of 120,000 U.S. dollars, insurance benefits for 300,000 U.S. dollars, more than 520,000 U.S. dollars, and wages for retirement (60 years), and gave family members compensation.

(c) The firefighting facilities are relatively complete, and the firefighting equipment is fully prepared.

There is no urban-rural difference in the United States. The construction of urban and rural buildings, transportation, communications, power supply, water supply and drainage facilities is well established. Wherever people live and live, there are complete public firefighting facilities such as firefighting water supply, alongside restaurants along desert roads. Outdoor fire hydrants are also installed. At the same time, the building fire safety requirements are strict. All building decoration materials must be strictly tested to achieve fire safety standards before they are allowed to use. Many residential houses in urban and rural areas mostly use fire-retardant and thermal-insulating wall materials, and have installed automatic fire alarms and sprinkler systems, while public buildings with three or more floors have set up outdoor evacuation stairs in accordance with regulations. In fire conditions, personnel can be quickly and safely evacuated in the event of a fire.

The U.S. fire department has basically achieved modernization in terms of fire command, information transmission, fire management, fire fighting, and rescue. The fire station vehicle equipment has advanced technology and complete categories. Such as Donglan New City Fire Station, equipped with water tankers, water vehicles, lift cars, rescue vehicles, ambulances, promotional vehicles and other special vehicles and special equipment, good performance, variety, can be better adapted Disposal of various disaster accident needs.

(D) The multi-functional fire brigade, the task is very heavy

The U.S. firefighting team has three systems: professional system, volunteer system, and compulsory system. According to reports, there are currently 1.7 million firefighters in the United States, of whom 700,000 are professional firefighters and 1 million are volunteer firefighters. In addition, communities are also obliged to firefighters.

1. The professional quality of firefighters is high. The 18-year-old citizen has applied for an individual and has been trained as a firefighter through 2 years of first aid and nursing education training and 280 hours of fire fighting training. The team implements the examination promotion system. The U.S. Fire Protection Law requires firefighters to retire at the age of 60, but there is also flexibility in their implementation. Physical fitness and other aspects can be extended if they meet the requirements for assessment. If they do not, the 50-year-old can retire. Firefighters have a solid career foundation and examination promotion system, as well as a professional system, to maintain the stability of the fire brigade and have a high professional quality and combat effectiveness.

2. The multi-functionality of the fire brigade makes the task very difficult. Tasks include:

First, fire fighting and medical rescue. There are other disaster disasters, such as rescue, medical aid, and traffic accident rescue. Donglan New Town Fire Station has a jurisdiction of 100,000 people. The average annual number of police officers is about 4,000. Among them, fire accounts for 20%, rescue and rescue accounts for 80%, and the average number of people is 80.

Second, fire supervision. The first is to inspect the building fire protection, carry out drawings review on the newly-built buildings, and check the signatures of the completion; the second is to carry out fire safety inspections, focusing on the sampling inspection of old buildings, checking the areas and buildings with high fire risk, and the bar must be opened before the opening Fire inspection. The third is to conduct a fire investigation.

Third, fire propaganda. It focuses on schools, families, and communities. It uses weekends and holidays to carry out firefighting regulations, fire prevention, fire alarms, and escape and self-rescue fire fighting knowledge and skills, so as to achieve the purpose of raising awareness of fire safety in the entire society.

3. The service system of the fire brigade. The U.S. fire brigade mostly implements a three-shift service system. Each shift is on duty for 24 hours and rests for 48 hours. Normally, there are no full-time workers, and the firefighters on duty are subsidizing meals for 6 to 7 US dollars per person per day, and the team members make their own meals. The team member responsible for fire prevention submits an annual work plan report to the team leader at the beginning of each year, setting out the fire-fighting matters that can be completed during the year. If the statutory duties cannot be completed due to objective reasons, it must be reported to the government for approval to be exempted.

(E) Perfect emergency response handling mechanism to ensure rapid response

The United States has established a complete national emergency response mechanism throughout the country. The federal contingency plan is jointly formulated by 27 ministries (departments). When an accident occurs, according to different types of accidents, the head of one department (department) is responsible. The relevant department (department) cooperates with the implementation and can break through regional boundaries and act in unison. Each local government has an emergency service department, which mainly includes firefighting, transportation, medical care, and public utilities. The state, city, and county governments have emergency control centers for command and disposal. Some are set up separately, some are set up in police stations, and some are set up in fire stations. The emergency affairs and disposal implement three-level reaction mechanism of local, state and federal government. The scope of its emergency affairs includes natural disasters, including earthquakes, windstorms, floods, volcanic eruptions, wildfires, etc.; second, technical disasters such as nuclear accidents and leakage of dangerous goods; and thirdly, human-induced disasters such as fires, Traffic accidents, terrorist incidents, etc.

Although there are many advanced places in the construction and management of fire in the United States, there are also some weak links, especially heavy fire extinguishing, light fire prevention, and unbalanced development of prevention and elimination. If Donglanxin City does not establish a special fire surveillance agency, its fire prevention work is mainly the responsibility of the two firefighters at the central fire station. Facing the vast and varied social management, it is often unable to do anything. Compared with the fire-fighting power, the fire-fighting power is relatively simple and has a certain degree of generality in many cities. The special fire safety management work is not suitable.

Attachment: United States fire trucks map

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