How can the orchard be more and more fat?

It is well known that low soil organic matter content is one of the bottlenecks that restrict the sustainable development of China's apple industry.

The main reason for the decline in the organic matter content of orchards in apple producing areas in China is caused by the following two aspects:

First, the soil biodegradation process in the Yellow River Basin has aggravated soil infertility. The frost-free period in northeastern China is short (about 120 days), and the frost is in the fall. It is not conducive to the degradation of microorganisms, but it is conducive to the maintenance of soil organic matter. The two apple-producing areas in the northwest and Bohai Bay are all in the Yellow River Basin. Appropriate precipitation, suitable temperature, long frost-free period (200-230 days), although this ecological condition is conducive to high-quality apple production, it is also conducive to the degradation of soil organic matter by aerobic microorganisms (converted to CO2 and escaped from the soil). Aerobic microorganisms have high degradation efficiency of soil organic matter. If organic matter (fertilizer) is not added to the soil in time, the soil is depleted.

Second, there is a serious shortage of organic fertilizer sources in rural areas. With the reform of the rural system, the rearing of livestock has gradually changed from a family to a large professional or enterprise, and the farmyard manure that can be used in orchards is seriously inadequate. In recent years, in terms of Shandong Province alone, there are more than 10 organic fertilizer plants with an annual output of more than 100,000 tons, which are far from meeting the demand, and there are still problems such as price and quality.

In the case of the current serious shortage of organic fertilizer sources, in order to comprehensively improve the soil organic matter content in orchards in Shandong Province, it is necessary to follow the natural laws, so that the grasses of the orchards in the whole province can grow up, and effectively use the strength of nature to fertilize the soil.

1 The traditional concept of fruit farmers is to cultivate and weed the orchard. The orchard is understood as the grass and the fruit trees to compete for water, and the orchard is cleared and weeded, and the ground is clean and clean as one of the important indicators for the management of the orchard.

2 The masses do not understand the urgency and importance of grass growing in orchards. The understanding of the orchard's raw grass is simple, and there is no scientific and technological content. It is only a supporting technology for modern cultivation mode.

3 Joe's anvil is densely planted, and the orchard is closed without sunlight. Over the past 20 years, apple dwarf anvils have not been effective in China due to economic, technical and social reasons such as high cost of construction, unskilled technology, low soil fertility, lack of trunk trunks, yield of 666.7 m2, and fruit farmers are not accepted. Pushing open, the large-scale promotion and application of the anvil and dense planting is the direct cause of the closure of the orchard.

4 Market and natural factors have intensified the closure of the orchard. At present, Apple's acquisition is basically based on the size of the fruit. The obvious effect of chemical fertilizer on increasing fruit makes most orchards mainly based on chemical fertilizers . Insufficient investment in organic fertilizers, combined with spring drought and improper pruning techniques, has intensified the closure of orchards. And lead to inefficient use of fertilizer (nitrogen fertilizer), non-point source pollution, soil acidification.

5 grass orchard technology is not matched. The management of grass orchards is obviously different from that of clearing and weeding orchards, especially in the determination of mowing time, mechanization of mowing, pest control before and after mowing, and protection of natural enemies should further strengthen research and improve technology.

The current popularization of typical experience is an effective way to promote the orchard grass system. In recent years, the level of understanding of the importance of soil organic matter content has been continuously improved. In the main apple producing areas of Shandong, Shaanxi and Hebei, the orchard grass trials have been carried out successively, and initial results have been achieved, including the production base of the Yellow River Delta in the Jinan Military Region. The practice of grassing at the base and the Penglai horticultural field is typical.

The Jijun base is located in the alluvial plain of the Yellow River estuary. It is a coastal salinized tidal soil with a salt content of 0.3-0.4%. In the 1980s, vigorously developed fruit production, mainly using traditional techniques such as “deep pit planting, clear tillage and weeding”. The survival rate of fruit trees was seriously low. At that time, it was popular among fruit farmers. “One or two years of busy planting trees, three or four In the year of busy tree rescue, five or six years of busy dig trees, seven or eight years of rare trees, the jingle, seriously dampen the enthusiasm of the fruit farmers. In 2000, a series of new planting methods, such as “small pits and shallow planting”, were carried out. In 2003, natural grass trials were carried out in the 7.3hm2 pear orchard of the 3rd group and 13th minute. Every year, the grass was cut by grass 3 to 4 times each time. After planting 7.5~10kg of urea per 666.7m2, timely spraying drugs to control pests, the organic matter content of the orchard was significantly improved, the fruit quality was excellent, the tree was strong, and the initial results of labor saving, high efficiency, green and ecological were obtained, and the soil organic matter content was obtained. From 1.0% to 2.4%, and the amount of work is only about 20% of clearing and weeding, which has been widely recognized by the surrounding people, and once again mobilized the enthusiasm of the development of fruit industry.

The Penglai horticultural field has adopted four measures to improve the modernization level of the orchard and achieved good results. First, the terraced land has been changed to slopes, and the land utilization rate has been improved by more than 20%. The problem of uneven illumination and drought has been solved, and the winter frost damage has been alleviated. Grass solved the problem of soil erosion and was conducive to mechanization in the future; the second was to replant grass, and began to try the orchard grass technology in the late 1990s. After the initial cultivation of clover, it was found that the clover root system was not developed enough and was susceptible to drought. Impact, prone to white spider damage. Subsequently, it began to try to plant alfalfa, ryegrass, rat grass and so on in the orchard. Finally, it is considered that ryegrass is most suitable for planting in the apple orchard. The outstanding advantage of ryegrass is that the root system is developed, and where the root system grows, where is the fertile soil effect? The improvement of soil structure is most favorable, and it is competitive, with few pests and diseases. It undergoes two germinations and withering every year. It is castrated three to four times a year. Through more than 10 years of grass-growing technology, the organic matter content of more than 200 hectares of orchards in Penglai horticultural field It is generally above 1.5%, and the individual plots exceed 2.0%, which is far higher than the provincial average. Moreover, compared with weeding, weeding grass has greatly saved labor costs. Third, flood irrigation and micro-sprinkler irrigation have saved water resources. It saves the labor and realizes the balanced distribution of water in the orchard. The fourth is the integration of water and fertilizer in the excavation and dressing. The excavation and topdressing is an important measure to provide nutrition for the fruit trees, but its shortcoming is that the surface roots of the fruit trees are destroyed during the process of digging, affecting Tree nutrient absorption and growth. On the basis of sprinkler irrigation, the biogas slurry is poured into the ground together with water, and the spraying is carried out before the germination, the root growth period after the flowering, the vigorous growth period of the roots in summer and the four periods after the fruit harvesting, which greatly reduces the nitrogen fertilizer. The amount of application increases the organic matter content of the soil, thereby increasing the yield of the orchard and the quality of the fruit.

At present, the problems of aging of the orchard and poor facilities in the old apple producing areas in China are serious, but they are not a threat to the environment, and the appropriate increase in investment can be solved in a short period of time, which does not affect the sustainable development of the apple industry. The bottleneck or key problem of development, but the apple garden soil management system and cultivation mode are unreasonable, that is, “clear tillage and weeding, half the effort; the densely planted in the anvil, the canopy of the orchard, the increase of pests and diseases; the immediate interests, the main fertilizer , the inefficient use, Non-point source pollution, soil acidification, organic deficiency, and fertility decline are not consistent with the concept of sustainable development, which is a bottleneck restricting sustainable development.

1 Natural grass, artificial mowing, fertilizing grass, replacing carbon with nitrogen, fertilizing soil, using natural forces, following natural laws.

2 “fruit tree slimming and light” is the basic condition for orchard grass. At present, it is necessary to speed up the promotion of the short anvil wide-line and high-dry cultivation mode, and it is necessary to speed up the transformation of the closed orchard.

3 Orchard grass improved soil organic matter content and nitrogen fertilizer utilization efficiency, enhanced soil buffer capacity, conserved water source, reduced soil erosion and non-point source pollution, and maintained ecological security.

4 Orchard grass recreates the ecological balance of the orchard, and creates a good habitat for the breeding of natural enemies. It is one of the green control technologies.

Ways and key technologies to improve apple fruit quality. Improving fruit quality is a systematic project involving all aspects of pre-production, mid-production and post-production of apples. The pathways should include seven aspects: improved varieties, good anvils, good seedlings, good methods, good fields, good people and good policies. One. However, as mentioned above, to achieve high-quality, high-efficiency and sustainable development of the apple industry, good land is the key. To improve fruit quality, soil quality must first be improved. The key factor determining soil quality is soil organic matter content. The core technology to improve the quality of apple fruit is the orchard and grass fertility technology, and its supporting technology is the green prevention and control technology of pests and diseases and the quality formation and regulation technology.

Expand publicity and raise awareness. We must earnestly stand at the height of high-quality, high-efficiency and sustainable development of the apple industry, further expand publicity, unify our thinking, raise awareness of the urgency and importance of the cultivation of grassland in the orchard, and fully understand that “the apples in the orchard are sunny and the apples are more brilliant. "The scientific meaning and industrial significance."

Improve technology and demonstrate. The fruit innovation team of the modern agricultural industrial technology system of Shandong Province has taken “orchard natural grassland fertility” as one of the team's key tasks, and is driven by demonstration to ensure that the orchard natural grass fertility technology is effective in apple orchards in Shandong Province. Promote the application; further improve, mature and support the relevant technologies, including the nature of the natural grasses and their biology, the growth and control of pests and their natural enemies, the soil microbial community and the growth and decline of organic matter in the orchard. The technical results of the research results and the orchard grass will be published separately. Orchard grass should emphasize several issues:

1 Obey the three basic principles. First, the principle of adapting to local conditions. Orchards with annual precipitation less than 400mm and no irrigation conditions should not be grassed. Second, the principle of economics. The orchard can be intercropped between peanuts and soybeans in the early stage (1~3 years old). Dwarf economic crops, late grass; third is the principle of diversity, promoting natural grass or artificial grass combined with natural grass, the diversity of grass species can bring diversity of natural enemies, but also reduce the input of fruit farmers.

2 The most important thing in the prevention and control of pests and diseases in raw grass orchards is to protect the diversity of natural enemies. The following points should be noted: first, prevention is the main priority, and prevention and control before germination is strengthened; secondly, biological agents are mainly used, such as Ningnan Third, timely removal of excess large branches, ventilation and light transmission, reducing the number of pests and diseases; Fourth, reduce the number of spraying, apples 8 to 9 times a year, spray as far as possible to avoid natural enemy breeding Fifth, the establishment of the fruit farmers association, unified defense.

3 Mowing mechanization and mowing time determination. In the process of mechanization of modern orchard in China, experts in the market and national apple industry system have designed a variety of lawn mowers, which can be selected according to local conditions; During the growth period, it is castrated in time before the heading to the flowering stage, and the biological yield of the grass is increased as much as possible to achieve the purpose of fertilizing the soil.

Government support, project promotion. From 2010 to 2011, Shandong Province implemented the modern agricultural development fund apple industry project in nine apple counties including Qixia, Zhaoyuan, Wuyuan, Laizhou, Rongcheng, Penglai, Zhangping, Lishui and Rushan. The main content is Apple Modern Dwarf. The anvil is intensively cultivated and the densely planted orchard is transformed. The technically common feature of the two contents is that “the fruit trees are thin and light, and the grass grows enough sunshine”. The apple industry project of modern agricultural development funds implemented by Shandong Province, as well as the sunshine project for the growth of orchard grasses, has achieved remarkable results and played the role of “project promotion and demonstration drive”, using the “one line to one line” technique. The orchard has promoted the natural grass growing in the orchard, laying a better fertility foundation for the new orchard in the future and achieving sustainable development.

The sugar content of the fruit is included in the grading standard. The sugar content of apple fruit is one of the important indicators for evaluating the quality of apple fruit. The experimental research and production practice have proved that the sugar content and quality of the fruit of the grass orchard have been significantly improved. At present, the purchase price of apples in China is mainly based on the size of the fruit, reference coloring, and does not consider the endogenous quality at all. This is not only not conducive to the promotion and application of orchard grass technology, but also is not conducive to maintaining the reputation of China's apples in domestic and foreign markets. It is recommended to include the sugar content of the fruit as a grading standard, as a supporting technology for the orchard biograss fertilization technology, apply it to the apple purchase link as soon as possible, and determine the price according to the fruit size, color and sugar content, and earnestly achieve high quality and good price.

Green prevention and control technology for pests and diseases. Orchard grass and soil fertility has followed the principles of natural law, environmental protection and sustainable development. In order to effectively protect the diversity of natural enemies, reduce the number of spraying and spraying of orchards, advocate the promotion and application of green control technology, one is the whole garden bagging; the other is the installation of frequency-vibration insecticidal lamps in the orchard; Get rid of pests.