Nitrogen application technology
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(1) ammonium nitrogen fertilizer 1, ammonium bicarbonate (nh4hco3)
Ammonium bicarbonate, abbreviated as ammonium bicarbonate, is made by absorbing carbon dioxide from ammonia water. It is a special ammonium nitrogen fertilizer in China, accounting for 50% of the total nitrogen fertilizer production in China. The ammonium nitrate has a nitrogen content of about 17% and is white crystal with a strong ammonia odor. Soluble in water, fast and effective. The ammonium hydride is extremely volatile and has a short potency. The ammonium bicarbonate is basically stable below 20 ° C, and the decomposition accelerates as the temperature increases and the humidity increases. If exposed for 15 days at 32 ° C, almost all of its available nutrients will decompose and volatilize. During storage and transportation, it should be packed tightly and kept dry at low temperature.
Ammonium bicarbonate should be used as base fertilizer and top dressing. It is not suitable for seed fertilizer or application in the field. It should be applied deep in paddy fields or dry fields (6.7-10 cm) and should be covered immediately to reduce ammonia volatilization.
(1) Deep application of base fertilizer. In dry fields, ammonium bicarbonate can be evenly spread on the ground in combination with cultivated land, and then ploughed into the soil. It is required to follow the instructions. To reduce the loss of volatilization. In the area where the operation is carried out, the ammonium bicarbonate strip can be applied to the furrow and then covered with soil 6.7-10 cm.
In the paddy field, when combining the ploughing, the ammonium bicarbonate is first sprinkled on the field, and immediately ploughed into the soil 10-13.3 cm deep, so that the fertilizer is in the reducing layer, with the fertilization with the arable land, and timely irrigating the paddy field after ploughing. The application of ammonium bicarbonate as a base fertilizer in paddy fields can also be carried out by full-layer fertilization. After tillage, the ammonium bicarbonate is sprinkled on the surface of the field, and then the field is poured into the soil to allow the fertilizer to be mixed into the soil. Immediately after the water is poured into the ground, and then transplanted. If it is a field with heavier saline and alkali, you can apply ammonium bicarbonate after washing the salt in the field to carry out the field to reduce leaching and improve fertilizer efficiency.
(2) Topdressing and applying. The topdressing of dry crops can be carried out in the fertilization ditch 6.7-10 cm away from the root of the crop or a small hole 6.7-10 cm deep, and the ammonium bicarbonate is applied in the ditch or the hole, and the soil is covered immediately.
2. Ammonium sulfate [(nh4)2so4]
Ammonium sulphate is abbreviated as ammonium sulphate, which is obtained by synthesizing ammonia or recovering ammonia from by-products of industrial sectors such as coking, petroleum, organic synthesis, and then neutralizing with sulfuric acid. Ammonium sulphate has a nitrogen content of 20%-21%, white crystals, an extremely small amount of free acid, and is easily soluble in water. It is an acidic fertilizer.
Ammonium sulphate is suitable for general soil and various crops. It can be used as base fertilizer or as top dressing and seed fertilizer. The application of ammonium sulphate in paddy fields should be carried out by means of deep application or topdressing combined with sputum to prevent the interaction of nitrification and denitrification. When applying ammonium sulfate in dry fields, dry application or wet application can be applied immediately after application. The specific application method is similar to that of ammonium bicarbonate.
Application of ammonium sulphate on calcareous soil should be applied to cover soil to prevent nitrogen loss. In dry fields, due to the strong activity of aerobic nitrifying bacteria, ammonium sulfate can be oxidized to nitric acid. Generally, the higher the temperature, the stronger the nitrification. Nitrate is not adsorbed by soil and is easily moved with water and absorbed by crops. In paddy fields, the ammonium sulphate is easy to produce nitrification and denitrification, causing loss of nitrogen. Therefore, it should be applied in depth.
3. Ammonium chloride (nh4c1)
Ammonium chloride contains 24%-25% nitrogen, white crystal, slightly hygroscopic than ammonium sulfate, easy to agglomerate, it is easily soluble in water, and the fertilizer effect is rapid.
Ammonium chloride can be used as base fertilizer and top dressing. The application method is the same as that of ammonium sulfate, and the application amount is generally 1/5 less than that of ammonium sulfate. Ammonium chloride is not suitable for fertilization and fertilization in the field. Especially don't touch the seeds, and you can't mix them with the seeds. If it comes into contact with seeds, it will affect the germination of the seeds and cause burning.
Ammonium chloride contains a large amount of chloride ions, and some "chlorine crops" should not be used, such as tobacco, sugar beets, sugar cane, potatoes, grapes, citrus, etc., otherwise it will reduce the quality. Ammonium chloride can reduce the starch and sugar content of potatoes, sugar beets, etc., so that the taste of tobacco is deteriorated and the burning property is poor, and black ash is extinguished. Therefore, it is not appropriate to apply ammonium chloride to these so-called "chlorine crops" which are sensitive to chloride ions. If it is not possible to apply ammonium chloride, the base fertilizer can be applied earlier (about half a month) before sowing, and the chloride ions can be drenched by rain. Ammonium chloride is suitably applied in paddy fields and irrigated fields. In dry land without irrigation conditions, as well as in poorly drained saline-alkali land and arid and dry areas, it is best not to use ammonium chloride instead of other nitrogen fertilizers. The application of ammonium chloride on acidic soils should be accompanied by lime or other alkaline fertilizers, but must be applied separately.
(2) amide nitrogen fertilizer 1, urea [(nh2)co]
Urea is directly synthesized by using ammonia and carbon dioxide as raw materials under high temperature and high pressure conditions, and the nitrogen content is 46%.
Urea is easily soluble in water. At 20 ° C, 100 ml of water can dissolve 100 g of urea, which is less soluble than ammonium nitrate, but much higher than ammonium sulfate. Although urea molecules can be directly absorbed by crops when used for root dressing, they should be applied to the soil and converted into ammonium carbonate by the action of microorganisms before they can be absorbed and utilized by crops, so the fertilizer effect is inferior to nh4+-n or no3-- n fertilizer effect is fast. Urea is a neutral fertilizer and contains no by-products. Since both nh4+ and hco3- can be absorbed and utilized, it can be applied for years without destroying the soil structure.
After the urea is decomposed into ammonium carbonate, the pH value of the soil is increased, but with the progress of nitrification in the soil and the absorption of ammonium by the crop, the pH value decreases. This change is often difficult to detect in soils with high buffering performance.
Urea can be used as base fertilizer and top dressing. Generally, it is not used as a fertilizer, and it should not be used in Putian. Because high concentration of urea can destroy the structure of the protein, the protein is degraded, affecting seed germination and root growth of the seedlings, and in severe cases, the seed can lose its ability to germinate. If it is applied as a seed fertilizer, it must be mixed with dry fine soil to a certain distance under the seed to avoid direct contact between the fertilizer and the seed.
(1) As a base fertilizer. When urea is used as the base fertilizer for paddy field, it should be ploughed into the soil 5-7 days before the irrigation. Do not rush to water after application. After the urea is converted into ammonium carbonate, it should be irrigated to avoid the loss of fertilizer. It is best to use it as a kneading fertilizer when preparing the soil, and the depth is about 10 cm. It is not possible to release water during the land preparation process.
When applying in dry fields, the soil should be applied about 10 cm deep to reduce the loss of nitrogen volatilization. It can be mixed with a small amount of organic fertilizer (pig manure) before ploughing, mixed and then applied, and then into the soil to achieve full-layer fertilization.
(2) for topdressing. When urea is used as top dressing in paddy field, it is necessary to drain first, maintain shallow water layer, and combine it with weeding and field application. Do not fill the water for two or three days after the application. The topdressing period is a few days earlier than the ammonium sulfate.
Urea should be used for dry field topdressing. Corn, sorghum, millet and other crops can be applied at the point of jointing or ditching when jointing to booting, and should be applied deep to prevent evaporation loss after decomposition. The application period should be 4-5 days earlier than chasing ammonium sulfate.
(3) For the top dressing. Urea as a root dressing is better than other nitrogen fertilizers. The reason is that urea is a neutral fertilizer, and it is an organic compound. It contains no by-products and has little burn on the stems and leaves of the crop. The urea has a small volume and easily penetrates into the cells through the cell membrane. Urea itself is hygroscopic and easily absorbed by the leaves; when urea penetrates into the leaves, it causes less separation of the walls, and even if it occurs, it is easy to recover.
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